Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…CHA2DS2 VASc Score Calculator Congestive Heart Failure Hypertension Age = 75 years Diabetes Mellitus Stroke/TIA/TE Vascular disease Age 65 74 years Sex category…

…only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI…

…in South Asians, who have substantially elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes at BMI levels of 23 kg/m 2 or higher. Body surface…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…normal office blood pressure but organ damage or high risk. Treatment resistant hypertension. Suspected nocturnal hypertension or absent nocturnal dipping (diabetes, renal failure, sleep apnoea)…

…patients with diabetes and anyone with dizziness Definitions White coat hypertension: a raised office reading but normal readings at home or on 24 hour recording…

…two occasions establishes a diagnosis of diabetes HbA1c < 42 mmol/mol 42–47 = prediabetes; ≥ 48 = diabetes Total cholesterol < 5.0 mmol…

…diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]. Diabetic ketoacidosis…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who needs it : : : Basal insulin (intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always…

…deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot ulcer : : : : Site Gaiter area, above the medial malleolus Toes…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

…An only hearing ear. Relative (choose a manual technique or refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment…

…joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No…

…time has passed since the injury (see below). Be particularly cautious with impaired healing: peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids…

…than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity…

…cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections…

…arrhythmias, and heart failure. Aging also accumulates conventional cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired…

…considered at increased cardiovascular risk without a calculated SCORE2 or SCORE2 OP estimate when certain clinical conditions are present. These include diabetes mellitus, familial hypercholesterolaemia…

…suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors; smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour…

…heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis…

…the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia…

…the elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause…

…eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically…

…distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which are usually polygenic conditions, although family history remains clinically useful for…

…Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy…

…depending on coronary dominance. Significant left main stenosis is generally defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…involved in approximately 40–50%. Distal disease is particularly common in older people and in patients with diabetes. The haemodynamic consequences depend on lesion location…

…treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke…

…as well as greater cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are also more prevalent. Epidemiology and clinical significance The reported prevalence depends on the population…

…to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status, body weight, smoking, diet, physical inactivity…

…particularly in individuals with hypertension, diabetes or previous angina. Patients should be advised to seek emergency medical assistance rather than self presenting to an emergency…

…thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure…

…AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease…

…underlying genetic predisposition, structural heart disease, and diabetes [1]. Although TdP and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list…

…cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…failure). It is believed that the aging population, and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart failure pandemic. Indeed, a growing…

…failure). It is believed that the aging population, and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart failure pandemic. Indeed, a growing…

…lower than the current threshold for hypertension, and the current treatment target levels for patients with and without diabetes. The threshold for hypertension is currently…

…common as systolic heart failure ( heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFREF ). Diastolic heart failure is particularly common among people with diabetes, hypertension, overweight/obesity…

…with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves…

…Clinical Variables : The original SYNTAX Score focuses solely on anatomical factors, ignoring clinical variables such as age, diabetes, and renal function, which significantly impact outcomes…

…in patients with preexisting azotemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, diabetes mellitus, or in those taking potassium supplements. When managing albuminuria or CKD, the serum creatinine and potassium…

…Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of: Estimated cardiovascular risk Baseline bleeding risk Age Diabetes sta

…statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP…

…greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease…

…longitudinal strain and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are more frequent in women. Diabetes confers greater cardiovascular risk in women than in men. Smoking…

…does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy, as well as in older…

…shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure…

…Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease, particularly diabetic kidney disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of…

…relaxation and filling. Hypertension and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is…

…HFpEF is heterogeneous rather than a single pathophysiologic entity. Hypertension and diabetes contribute to its development, and obesity is increasingly recognized as an important contributor…

…stented segment or at its margins. Angiographic restenosis has traditionally been described as a follow up diameter stenosis exceeding 50%, whereas clinical restenosis refers to…

…reduction in LDL C of approximately 50%. The effect was consistent in patients with and without diabetes. A pooled analysis of studies involving patients with…