…Continued bleeding despite compression and cautery (packing). Contraindications Cautery: Type Contraindication : : Absolute The source of bleeding cannot be identified Relative A pacemaker or ICD when…

…Unna boot), or a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment…

…or measure at the toe instead. Marked pain that prevents the patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10…

…the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the difference. Programme measurements every…

…not the skin. Aspiration needle (iliac crest or sternal needle with stylet) and a Jamshidi type biopsy needle. Syringes: a small 5–10 mL syringe…

…with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance…

…of the chest or the epigastrium and occasionally radiates to the arms. Less common sites of radiation include the abdomen, back, lower jaw, and neck…

…is the central chest or epigastrium. Radiation may occur to one or both arms and less commonly to the abdomen, back, neck or lower jaw…

…by cardiomyocyte necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of…

…affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and maximum fixed energy shocks outperform low escalating energy protocols. Note…

…and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine…

…risk of bending or damage during chest compressions. References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Doubles DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas…

…increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus ventricular filling). This may even lead to compression of the ventricles during diastole; cardiac…

…was 107 compressions per minute with a depth of 4.7 cm. This combination was consistent across different ages, sexes, initial rhythms, and the use…

…indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear arthritis, as part of the diagnostic work up. Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted…

…cardiac compression and tamponade even without a large circumferential effusion. Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral…

…Exercise may amplify the abnormality through increased myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms…

…when the patient sits up and leans forward. Pain may be retrosternal or left precordial and can radiate to the neck, arms, or left shoulder…

…usually involves the central chest or epigastrium, may radiate to the arms, and less often to the abdomen, back, lower jaw, neck, or occipital region…

…blood flow or ineffective compressions. While ETCO 2 is optimally measured in tracheal tubes, it can also be gauged through supraglottic airway devices and Rubens…

…the outermost and less ischemic area), which may receive oxygen from collateral vessels. In cardiac arrest, there is no cerebral perfusion, with an equal degree…

…chest compressions futile. Hypoxia : Hypoxia is common in traumatic cardiac arrest and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas…

…g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably…

…of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of the pericardium by an experienced clinician. The examination is…

…to treat (NNT) for various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac…

…Table 1). Phase Period Optimal treatment Electrical phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation Circulatory phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation…

…arrest and alert the EMS (in OHCA) or cardiac arrest team (in IHCA). There are no risks in instructing a layperson to perform chest compressions…

…coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions with minimal interruptions and…

…pre load (the ventricle is empty or nearly empty). In patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the…

…In regards to cardiac arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided…

…arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart…

…lactate is an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4…

…as MDMA (ecstasy) or amphetamines. In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia…

…delivered by bystanders (laypeople). BLS involves the use of chest compressions, as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation …

…of age, where iso BMI or percentile charts should be used. Waist circumference Measure the waist between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, at…

…endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Ectopic fat deposited around or within the heart and kidneys may exert direct compressive effects and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic…