…mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves and a large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture…

…pulmonary oedema CPAP 5–7.5 cmH₂O Increase in steps of 2.5 to 10–12.5 cmH₂O according to tolerance and effect SpO₂ 94…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

…heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…the need is more than brief: continuing pacing dependence, inadequate or unachievable transcutaneous capture, or when the patient cannot tolerate the pain of transcutaneous pacing…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…body temperature water for irrigation. Small children need help to keep still. Sedation is usually better than physical restraint — ketamine provides both immobilisation and less…

…not formalin Suspected vasculitis 4 mm punch from a lesion less than 48 hours old Also take a biopsy for immunofluorescence Panniculitis Excision or a…