…low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable…

…Increase in steps of 2.5 to 10–12.5 cmH₂O according to tolerance and effect SpO₂ 94–98% COPD exacerbation with pH < 7…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

…approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…pain of transcutaneous pacing. It is a bridge to a permanent pacemaker or to resolution of the underlying cause. Contraindications Hypothermia with a body temperature…

…Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress, with a dual collateral supply to the hand through the palmar…

…insect in the ear canal. A 30–60 mL syringe with a soft catheter and body temperature water for irrigation. Small children need help to…

…without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm margin, down into the…