…to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of…

…level of consciousness not attributable to hypercapnia, marked swallowing difficulty, vomiting. Haemodynamic instability or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…to local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of…

…episodes of myocardial ischemia result in cardiac arrest. In order for an infarction or ischemic episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…pain of transcutaneous pacing. It is a bridge to a permanent pacemaker or to resolution of the underlying cause. Contraindications Hypothermia with a body temperature…

…Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress, with a dual collateral supply to the hand through the palmar…

…ear canal. A 30–60 mL syringe with a soft catheter and body temperature water for irrigation. Small children need help to keep still. Sedation…

…aluminium chloride solution 20–35 %, ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure…