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Arterial line

…burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb: marked peripheral arterial disease, Raynaud's phenomenon…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis…

Central venous catheter

…never happens, and to make sure the catheter does not become the patient's next focus of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…capable of both CPAP and bilevel ventilation, or alternatively flow generated CPAP with a PEEP valve. Masks in several sizes. An oronasal mask is first…

Congenital heart disease & GUCH (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease)

…and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects ( Baumgartner et al ). Approximately 40,000 children are born with…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…Some factors vary from second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e…

Pleural aspiration and chest drain

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…duration; it is safe even on the fingers, toes, nose and ears), a 27 G needle, a 2–5 mL syringe. Punches of 2, 3…

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