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Arterial line

…rolled towel to place under the wrist, and tape to secure the hand. Positioning: the wrist extended about 30–45 degrees over the rolled towel…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…hydroxide ions are generated at the negative pole of the battery and produce a liquefactive necrosis that can reach the septal cartilage within a few…

Central venous catheter

…no risk of pneumothorax Highest risk of thrombosis and contamination, immobilises the patient The right internal jugular vein is the first choice in most situations…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…capable of both CPAP and bilevel ventilation, or alternatively flow generated CPAP with a PEEP valve. Masks in several sizes. An oronasal mask is first…

Congenital heart disease & GUCH (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease)

…first year of life ( Triedman et al ). According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…pressure measured, or be palpated. Indications A sensation of something in the eye, watering, photophobia and redness after working with a grinder, a drill, a…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…These factors interact and vary over time. Some factors vary from second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others…

Pleural aspiration and chest drain

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

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