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Arterial line

…as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb:…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis…

Central venous catheter

…no risk of pneumothorax Highest risk of thrombosis and contamination, immobilises the patient The right internal jugular vein is the first choice in most situations…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…is first choice in the acute setting ; nasal masks and total face masks are alternatives in intolerance. A hydrocolloid dressing for the bridge of the…

Congenital heart disease & GUCH (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease)

…and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects ( Baumgartner et al ). Approximately 40,000 children are born with…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury the priorities are reversed: irrigate first …

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…Some factors vary from second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e…

Pleural aspiration and chest drain

…earlier era. The needle is inserted close to the upper border of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…when the arm is flexed. The dorsum of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

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