…of ECGs in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however, no differences regarding the ECG grid. As…

…may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place…

…often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient…

…cause burning pain. 2. Position the pads, preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back…

…diameter of the valve is measured in diastole in apical four chamber view. VTI is obtained in the same view with the sample volume placed…

…leads in the frontal plane. This format of displaying the ECG leads is referred to as the Cabrera format and it has been the existing…

…determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder…

…Although only a fraction of the sound waves are reflected back to the transducer, the billions of erythrocytes in the blood will collectively generate enough…

…a bloodless field one works by feel, and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : …

…The operator should have an elbow rest, and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of…

…causes constriction of the veins, which increases the venous return to the heart. Contracting muscles function as a pump that propels blood back to the…

…inferobasal) transmural ischemia causes reciprocal ST segment depressions in V1–V3 (occasionally V4). Leads V7–V9 must be placed to reveal the ST segment elevations…

…of myocardial motion is significantly lower than the velocity of blood flow. Therefore, ultrasound waves reflected from myocardium will have a lower Doppler shift, as…

…Evert the upper eyelid. Ask the patient to look down. Grasp the eyelashes, press gently downwards on the upper border of the tarsal plate with…

…contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in…

…common cause of pericardial effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free…

…sent back to the ultrasound machine, where the electrical signal is interpreted and translated into an image (Figure 3). Figure 3. Piezoelectric crystals. As can…

…produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress. Aortic dissection may cause sudden severe pain, often radiating to the back. Pericarditis may produce pleuritic or positional…

…etc) of different density. The greater the difference in density, the more ultrasound waves are reflected. This explains why tissue borders appear as brighter structures…

…from the main beam. As the ultrasound beam sweeps back and forth, multiple side lobe artifacts can be generated on both sides of the true…

…back, and abdomen, as well as dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The…

…Echocardiography is the preferred method for diagnosing tricuspid regurgitation. Causes of tricuspid regurgitation The most common causes of tricuspid regurgitation are as follows: Right ventricular…

…shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue airway, and surgical airway…

…removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children, but many laboratories and spirometers still use it as a…

…can affect the blood pressure in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions, while venlafaxine and higher doses of bupropion…

…ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy…

…the description of blood flow. This is illustrated in Figure 3, which depicts a clock observed 5, 3 and 2 times during one cycle. As…

…rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB, however…

…ECG without signs of ischemia during chest pain in principle excludes myocardial ischemia as the cause of the pain. Refer to The ischemic cascade for…

…back and forth across the cell membrane. Because ions are electrically charged, their movement generates an electrical current. This means that the propagation (spread) of…

…myocarditis may cause elevated troponin levels (myocardial cells may die as a result of inflammation). Note two differences regarding the clinical presentation of STEMI and…

…in the source recommendations as at least 10 mm per year or at least 5 mm over 6 months. Such growth may justify consideration of…

…upper back. Chest discomfort triggered by emotional stress. Palpitations associated with physical activity, a large meal, emotional upset, or cold exposure. The absence of chest…

…to as the posterior wall, or the inferobasal wall. Transmural ischemia located in this area yields an injury current (ST vector) directed towards the back…

…not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of uncomplicated hypertension. It does, however, identify symptomatic hypotension and symptoms suggestive of orthostatic hypotension as indications…

…on the principles and differences of dilatation and hypertrophy, as well as typical ECG changes seen in atrial and ventricular enlargement. Dilatation is caused by…

…is the most common cause of misclassification. Five minutes' seated rest, back and arm supported, legs uncrossed, no conversation Cuff width ≥ 40% of the upper…

…be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper…

…to the arms. Less common sites of radiation include the abdomen, back, lower jaw, and neck. The pain may radiate as high as the occipital…

…of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmia (PSVT) The arrhythmias AVNRT, AVRT (Pre excitation, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome) and ectopic atrial tachycardia have traditionally been referred to as…

…and less common causes such as severe pre existing valvular disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock…

…increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless, BMI alone does not define an individual’s cardiovascular risk. Cardiorespiratory fitness, skeletal muscle mass and the…

…with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery…

…uncommon cause of acute chest pain but carries a particularly high mortality when diagnosis is delayed. The typical presentation is sudden onset, severe chest, back…

…The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), which includes forms that are caused…

…The most common causes of acute aortic regurgitation are aortic dissection , endocarditis and trauma . Chronic aortic regurgitation If aortic regurgitation develops gradually, then the ventricle…

…The regurgitation results in blood flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole. The most common cause of abnormal pulmonary regurgitation…

…commonest cause of pressure sores. 4. Dip the plaster in tepid water and squeeze out the excess without wringing. 5. Put the slab in place…

…indicate lesion expansion and involvement of the adventitia, requiring urgent imaging because of the risk of rupture. Type A IMH may cause: Aortic regurgitation Haemopericardium…

…to the neck, jaw, shoulders, back, or one or both arms. Indigestion or heartburn, particularly when associated with nausea or vomiting. Persistent shortness of breath…