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Pediatric aspects of ECG leads & anatomy

…of ECGs in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however, no differences regarding the ECG grid. As…

Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac tamponade

…may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place…

Lumbar puncture

…often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient…

Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…cause burning pain. 2. Position the pads, preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back…

The Continuity Equation (The Principle of Continuity)

…diameter of the valve is measured in diastole in apical four chamber view. VTI is obtained in the same view with the sample volume placed…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…leads in the frontal plane. This format of displaying the ECG leads is referred to as the Cabrera format and it has been the existing…

Reduction of dislocations

…determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder…

Doppler effect and Doppler echocardiography

…Although only a fraction of the sound waves are reflected back to the transducer, the billions of erythrocytes in the blood will collectively generate enough…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…a bloodless field one works by feel, and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : …

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…The operator should have an elbow rest, and also avoid bending the back during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of…

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