…patients require a mechanism based assessment rather than reassurance based solely on the absence of obstructive CAD. Evaluation and Physical Examination Clinical assessment The asses

…bradycardia is caused by beta blockers. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) α and β agonist Infusion of 2–10 μg/min (titrate as needed). T½ 5 min…

…when ventricular contractions cease or are meaningless. This immediately leads to syncope and soon death, unless resuscitation is attempted. Sudden cardiac death is defined as…

…non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction…

…nasal speculum and otoscope specula in several sizes. Alligator forceps, bayonet forceps, an angled hook, a cerumen loop. Suction with Frazier tips of various sizes…

…cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition…

…The neurovascular status must be documented before and after every attempt at reduction — otherwise it is impossible to determine afterwards whether a nerve injury was…

…associated with greater difficulty include a previously failed attempt, a blunt proximal stump, vessel bending, calcification and an occlusion length of at least 20 mm…

…only suicide attempts have lower survival outcomes. Nonetheless, prompt interventions can reverse cardiac arrest and survivors of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes…

…anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological…

…the second attempt). Vasoactive infusions Drug Dose range Primary effect Used in : : : : Noradrenaline 0.05–0.5 µg/kg/min α₁ — vasoconstriction Septic and distributive…

…The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part , and held continuously for at least 10 minutes without letting go…

…and a cuffed size 6.0 tube. Capnography, suction, neuromuscular blockers, and a person designated to keep time and read out the number of attempts…

…catheter is not easier to pass. With a difficult passage it is the shape of the tip and the technique that matter, not the calibre…

…smoked per day. Duration of smoking and cumulative exposure. Previous quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to…

…attempts to restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated any clear difference in mortality when comparing rate and…

…is often ambiguous. Since the risk of attempting CPR is extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often…

…attempts must be made to normalize ventricular rate and activation. Elimination of the tachyarrhythmia generally resolves the symptoms and reverses left ventricular dysfunction and dilation…

…or end of resuscitation attempts. Efficient CPR generates approximately 25% of normal cardiac output, which postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low…