Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes have important inflammatory components. Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of…

…CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers Recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Pharmacologic agents in perfusion imaging Vasodilators (adenosine, dipyridamole, regadenoson) These…

…Guo et al also report a significant association between troponin T levels and C reactive protein (CRP) and N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide …

…acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) always affects the left ventricle Myocardial infarction is virtually synonymous with left ventricular infarction . All myocardial…

…ones [5]. For acute clinical use the following simplification can be used: Grade Clinical picture Management : : : Mild allergic reaction Skin or mucosa only, stable breathing…

…been excluded. Indications Acute monoarthritis in which septic arthritis must be distinguished from crystal arthritis — the most important indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear…

…Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring treatment in…

…straddle injury Relative Recent urethral or prostatic surgery — contact a urologist before attempting Relative A known urethral stricture Relative Acute prostatitis or urethritis Relative Latex…

…and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller…

…Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection. Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative: Condition Comment…

…A red eye where the diagnosis is not obvious. Suspected acute glaucoma (tonometry). Contraindications Absolute contraindications to instrumental removal: Suspected penetrating injury or an intraocular…

…of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped. The test is not the first line investigation in a suspected acute crisis. There…

…stroke, coronary perforation, haemodynamic collapse, acute kidney injury, and death. The risk profile differs between diagnostic angiography and PCI, and is strongly influenced by the…

…procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Definition and Pathophysiology From balloon angioplasty to coronary stents Balloon angioplasty…

…MI results from acute coronary atherothrombosis. It is usually precipitated by disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque…

…then relative contraindications may be disregarded. Absolute contraindications for exercise ECG Aortic dissection – due to risk of progression and rupture. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within…

…with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage…

…Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked…

…newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk…

…burden of retained atherogenic particles accumulates over time, the probability of an acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular event increases. Non HDL Cholesterol Non HDL C is calculated…

…effect of the lesion. The apparent percentage stenosis is calculated relative to an adjacent reference segment presumed to be relatively normal. This assumption may be…

…alternative to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

…identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term…

…Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing Relative…

…A transcutaneous pacemaker is often necessary in the acute setting and is currently the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and…

…embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the occlusion. Administration of thrombolysis requires careful consideration of absolute and relative contraindications (discussed below), and assessment of differential diagnoses…

…is most pronounced and extends towards the penumbra zone (the outermost and less ischemic area), which may receive oxygen from collateral vessels. In cardiac arrest…

…near the ventricular cavity, and it may to some extent receive oxygen from the blood in the ventricular cavity. The right bundle branch then runs…

…Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79…

…Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative, but in practice decisive…

…Low dose aspirin is also preferred in patients with intracoronary stents. In acute ACS, aspirin should be administered as soon as possible in the absence…

…Despite the effectiveness of preventive interventions in both sexes, women are less likely to receive statins, aspirin or referral to cardiac rehabilitation and are less…

…by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION…

…be normal (QRS duration <0.12 s), because both bundle branches receive the impulse and spread it. If the impulse is discharged distal to the…

…Click to zoom. Treatment of sinus bradycardia Benign causes of sinus bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) do not require treatment. When benign…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar About this quick reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows…

…abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the predominant symptom of both IMH and PAU. PAU pain may…

…in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

…it further. Starting doses in acute pain in an opioid naive adult Agent Route Starting dose Comment : : : : Morphine IV 2.5–5 mg, repeated after…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…disease and advanced CKD. The clinical course is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…ST segment depressions and/or T wave inversions. Most patients with NSTE ACS will develop acute myocardial infarction, which is then classified as NSTEMI (Non…

…Diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction A diagnosis of myocardial infarction is based on the following three components: Cardiac troponins – Elevation of cardiac troponins in…

…or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)…

…be studied in detail. Figure 2. The electrocardiographic natural course in STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction). Pitfalls Acute transmural ischemia located in the basal portio