…for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 % where there is a risk of carbon…

…for the device available on the unit. Preparation and equipment A device capable of both CPAP and bilevel ventilation, or alternatively flow generated CPAP with…

…substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in…

…insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system…

…pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia raises the intracranial pressure. Circulation Parameter Target Comment : : : MAP ≥…

…respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation…

…conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise induces physiological changes such as increased ventilation, coronary vasodilation, increase in blood pressure, etc . The purpose of…

…hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm…

…risk of seizures and delirium [1,2]. In delirium tremens the aim should be a calm, mildly somnolent but rousable patient, while ventilation, circulation and…

…also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline…

…precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of…

…and that the donor's organs are maintained physiologically for as long as the assessment takes. The task of the health service is to give…

…reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis…

…difficult bag mask ventilation or failed intubation — and already at the planning stage when the MACOCHA score or the LEMON assessment indicates that difficulties are…

…or EEG before the first dose of benzodiazepine is given. Airway, breathing and circulation Perform an ABCDE assessment and document the time of seizure onset…

…various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski…

…Clarke RC, Mertes PM, et al. Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of perioperative hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e3849. Wallmuller…

CPR Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth All healthcare units capable of managing pregnant women in cardiac arrest should engage in specialized clinical training to…

…is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for stable (hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who…

…4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 . The 3 phase model of sudden cardiac arrest…

…and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas exchange can cause hypoxia. Such traumas include cerebral, facial, airway and…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…oxygen and complete equipment for intubation and ventilation must be to hand before the lavage begins. The head of the trolley must be able to…

…are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure …

…not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation Strongly suggests…

…the lung and the fluid level. 2. Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the…

…Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure…

…respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation…

…and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or bystanders to connect a defibrillator or AED and…

…as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse…

…resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions, ventilations and defibrillation (when possible) are the strongest determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation…

…cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1…

…myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation…

…myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation…