…for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 % where there is a risk of carbon…

…for the device available on the unit. Preparation and equipment A device capable of both CPAP and bilevel ventilation, or alternatively flow generated CPAP with…

…substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in…

…insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system…

…pressure is raised: normocapnia (PaCO₂ 4.5–5.0 kPa) and avoidance of hypoxia, since hypercapnia raises the intracranial pressure. Circulation Parameter Target Comment : : : MAP ≥…

…trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy, ventilation depth and frequency, and adrenaline administration…

…Understanding the basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise induces physiological changes such as increased ventilation…

…if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation…

…risk of seizures and delirium [1,2]. In delirium tremens the aim should be a calm, mildly somnolent but rousable patient, while ventilation, circulation and…

…also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline…

…precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of…

…factor The time critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient…

…maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion…

…difficult bag mask ventilation or failed intubation — and already at the planning stage when the MACOCHA score or the LEMON assessment indicates that difficulties are…

…or EEG before the first dose of benzodiazepine is given. Airway, breathing and circulation Perform an ABCDE assessment and document the time of seizure onset…

…hospital system. ACLS involves placing an advanced airway, defibrillating shockable rhythms, administering antiarrhythmic drugs, considering targeted interventions (e.g. transcutaneous pacing), reevaluating the prognosis, and…

…lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse. Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can…

…acid is recommended. In circumstances of hypotension and hemorrhage, it is imperative to administer appropriate fluid or erythrocyte boluses to restore circulatory volume. To ensure…

…the system of care and patient status. The absolute majority of patients should be managed in the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources…

…Defibrillation Circulatory phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 . The 3 phase model of…

…and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas exchange can cause hypoxia. Such traumas include cerebral, facial, airway and…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…oxygen and complete equipment for intubation and ventilation must be to hand before the lavage begins. The head of the trolley must be able to…

…of valves, and a high flow nasal cannula where available. Bag mask equipment for a patient who is not breathing adequately. Choosing a system System…

…possible: anaesthesia and intubation can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive airway pressure further reduces the venous return. Procedure Choice of access…

…arm abducted and the hand behind the head. All drains are inserted within the safe triangle (Figure 1). Outside it the risk of injuring the…

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

…with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease…

…and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or bystanders to connect a defibrillator or AED and…

…as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse…

…resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions, ventilations and defibrillation (when possible) are the strongest determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require…

…arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide…

…myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation…

…cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1…

…myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation…

…myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation…