…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four fold…

…7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle…

…For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure…

…cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

…possible stent thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure…

…prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts…

…and potassium should be evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of ACE inhibitors, especially in patients with preexisting azotemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, diabetes mellitus…

…composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2…

…type 2 diabetes, older age and a longer symptomatic course Consciousness Usually preserved, but may be impaired in severe DKA Cognitive impairment is more common…

…few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who needs it : : : Basal insulin (intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always…

…distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which are usually polygenic conditions, although family history remains clinically useful for…

…and treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease…

…carcinoma Less commonly, ectopic aldosterone production Familial forms include familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, formerly termed glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, and other familial forms associated with adrenal…

…The mortality rate among patients with elevated troponin I was 51.2%, as compared with 4.5% among patients without evidence of myocardial injury (normal…

…mg daily or an equivalent dose of another statin. Approximately 45% of participants had type 2 diabetes. Over a median follow up of 40.6…

…depression are more common in women. Dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and obesity become increasingly prevalent after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have…

…heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity. The increased use of computed tomography (CT), and improvements in CT techniques, have increased the detection…

…compression may be applied at all, and if so at what pressure. Palpable foot pulses are not an acceptable substitute, and in patients with diabetes…

…the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography…

…2.9 m/s; moderate, 3.0–3.9 m/s; severe, ≥ 4.0 m/s or a valve area < 1.0 cm² with…

…coating for a shorter period. Procedure In men 1. Supine with the legs slightly apart. Create a sterile field and lay out the equipment. 2…

…by impaired left ventricular systolic function. It should be noted that several types of cardiomyopathies ( e.g ischemic cardiomyopathy, tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, etc…

…Calculation : The original formula’s inclusion of “ 100” for Qp/Qs is likely a typo; standard practice uses the ratio directly (e.g., 2:1…

…categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present with acute chest pain and troponin elevation. The clinical manifestation…

…interval with each successive beat until a P wave fails to conduct, resulting in a dropped QRS complex. Second degree AV block Mobitz type II…

…of circulatory collapse is highest with AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I recommendation for…

…determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a) concentration is predominantly genetically determined, with heritability estimated at approximately 85% to…

…Prognosis in aortic stenosis according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg…

…cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions (Na + [sodium], K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium]) flow back and…

…Dose Initial dose: 1 2 mg/h iv. Increase as necessary. Rapid titration is possible. Maximum dose: 21 mg/h iv. Common therapeutic dose: 4…

…Type II 2nd AV block, prolonged QT interval, and profound sinus bradycardia are typically considered abnormal or profound findings that may require further investigation. 2…

…Moreover, fragmented QRS is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias. Figure 2. Fragmented QRS complex. These QRS configurations are…

…Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with…

…Mobitz type 2, newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with…

…not prolonged in leads V5–V6 (which is not consistent with RBBB, in which there must be wide QRS complexes). In type 1 Brugada syndrome…

…Second degree AV block Mobitz type 2 . Second degree AV block (particularly Mobitz type 2) requires treatment. Third degree AV block Synonyms: complete heart block…

…Mobitz type 2 frequently progresses to third degree AV block. ECG examples are given in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Third degree AV block (complete heart…

…Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates agents commonly used to prevent…

…Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates agents commonly used to prevent…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

…muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine…

…troponin attributable to myocardial ischaemia. UA presents with compatible ischaemic symptoms but without cardiac specific troponin elevation above the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should…

…malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte…

…further divided into the following categories: Lacunar stroke or lacunar infarct (occlusion of small penetrating arteries) : This is the most common type of ischaemic stroke…

…In fact, color Doppler is limited more by the Nyquist limit (as compared with standard pulsed wave Doppler), which is explained by the fact that…

…muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine…

…of the natural course of myocardial infarction (refer to Figure 2 below). However, that type of normalization is much slower and it is explained by…

…infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis. Type 2 myocardial infarction: acute myocardial ischaemia…

…The classic appearance and usually readily recognized Type 2 Long, smooth, diffuse luminal narrowing, typically extending more than 20–30 mm The most common pattern…

…often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) rather than STEMI [4] . Calcified Nodules: A less common mechanism (2 5%), characterized by eruptive…

…check the sample type, supplemental oxygen, sampling technique, air bubbles and analytical delay, and compare with the electrolyte panel Rapid classification pH pCO₂ HCO₃ Likely…

…< 120 ms with a delta wave and QRS 110 ms. Brugada pattern type 1: ST elevation ≥ 2 mm of coved type with a negative…

…3 — anterior packing A compressed nasal tampon: 1. Coat the tampon with antibiotic ointment and trim it to the length of the nasal cavity. 2…

…the mask, remove air from the cuff so that it is flat with a slightly upturned leading edge, and lubricate the dorsal surface. 2. Position…

…prolongs the time to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a…

…2. Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the lung does not come up against…

…the QRS complex does not appear. Second degree AV block Mobitz type II : intermittently blocked atrial impulses (no QRS seen after P) but with constant…

…Pathophysiology Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac…

…from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g. sinus tachycardia with simultaneous left bundle branch block). 2…