…a cryoprobe for contact technique. Cotton buds for small lesions (these give a more superficial and less controllable depth of freeze). A size 15 scalpel…

…exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque erosion. Thrombosis associated with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of…

…superficial components may detach and embolize systemically. Observational data indicate approximately a fourfold greater risk of embolic events in patients with LV thrombus than in…

…associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure, hypercoagulability, prior brachytherapy Antiplatelet therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or…

…thrombosis). He used te term to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of…

…of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of…

…Importance of repeated ECG recordings Acute coronary syndromes are dynamic processes. Factors that promote thrombosis ( pro thrombogenic factors ) are constantly in a struggle with factors…

…4b and 4c fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI because they represent coronary atherothrombotic events in the setting of a stent thrombosis or restenosis…

…no risk of pneumothorax Highest risk of thrombosis and contamination, immobilises the patient The right internal jugular vein is the first choice in most situations…

…Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection…

…swelling. A vein suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured…

…of healing potential in ulcers and before deciding the level of amputation. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or modify in: Deep vein thrombosis…

…extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Dietary patterns are the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health…

…or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing Relative contraindications Known obstructive left main…

…but not 6 month DAPT, was associated with higher rates of myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis in ACS patients. Extension beyond 12 months DAPT beyond…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation, acute aortic dissection, thrombosis of…

…the TIMI system (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction). Prasugrel should only be considered for patients at increased bleeding risk if the benefits of preventing ischemic events…

…Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque may also release atherosclerotic debris downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of…

…substantial early thrombotic risk after ACS and PCI. However, antiplatelet treatment also increases bleeding risk. The optimal regimen therefore requires individualized balancing of ischemic and…

…MI. The pathophysiology of Type 2 MI is fundamentally distinct from that of Type 1 MI, which is driven by plaque rupture and thrombosis. The…

…a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in cardiac arrest. Pulmonary embolism is causally related to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Approximately 70% of individuals…

…require a higher target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include…

…toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis…

…thrombosis, fever, acute starvation, and dieting. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for drug induced arrhythmias in patients receiving agents known to alter…

… prevent stent thrombosis after PCI; reduce recurrent atherothrombotic events in chronic coronary disease; preserve the benefit of coronary intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant…

…mechanisms Coronary mechanisms include: Plaque rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary…

…particularly with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts, rotational atherectomy, and acute MI procedures. Distal embolization of atheromatous or thrombotic material is an important proposed…

…provoking localized thrombosis. This is predominantly observed in older patients with heavily calcified, tortuous vessels [2] . Regardless of the initiating mechanism, the exposure of thrombogenic…

…or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term durability (Filsoufi et al). Percutaneous interventions…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…

…criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min…

…known thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve. The order of management in…

…Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In SLE, renal artery involvement may contribute to difficult to control hypertension. The cardiovascular consequences of

…stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not consistently permit identification of…

…segments; assessment of stent expansion and apposition; recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular…

…Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but…

…of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis…

…stenosis – due to risk of syncope, ischemia, and arrhythmias Endocarditis – due to risk of embolization Deep venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative contraindications…

…5% at 1 year and below 1% at 5 years. Stent thrombosis remains clinically important because interruption of antiplatelet therapy, particularly in the perioperative period…

…Causes of myocardial injury Important causes include: Mechanism or clinical setting Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary…

…thrombolysis as soon as haemorrhage and contraindications have been excluded. CT angiography or transport planning must not delay treatment unnecessarily. 10. In unknown time of…

…other acute coronary events, the thrombotic process is dynamic, with varying degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion. In addition…

…is superior to thrombolysis also in this aspect). Guidelines recommend that thrombolysis should result in 50% ST segment return (i.e reduction of the ST…

…hyperuricemia or gout. Use of ticagrelor is discouraged in patients with uric acid nephropathy. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): In very rare cases, TTP has been…

…events Angiographic stenosis severity is an imperfect predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only mild obstruction may rupture, thrombose and occlude…

…zone. Coronary Occlusion and Myocardial Injury STEMI generally results from abrupt reduction in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery…

…ischemic and anti thrombotic drugs. Management must, however, be individualized with respect to the delay to coronary angiography (PCI). The majority of patients should undergo…

…and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms or signs…

…by microvascular constriction and endothelial or myocardial injury. Antithrombotic therapy may reduce embolization of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically…

…a fibrous cap. The LRNC is a highly toxic, pro thrombotic milieu composed of extracellular cholesterol crystals, apoptotic and necrotic macrophage debris, and abundant tissue…

…Drug availability, thrombolysis regimens, renal function thresholds and the division of work between the ambulance service, the emergency department and the PCI laboratory may differ…

…pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic changes that may result in near total obliteration of affected vessels. Genetic, molecular, and acquired factors…

…growth factor. Episodes of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic sclerosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can…