…adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks. Vascular access and access site complications Radial and femoral access Radial access is generally preferred for…

…a non statin agent when LDL C is 55–69 mg/dL (≥1.4 to <1.8 mmol/L). Non statin treatment for patients who…

…activity therefore contributes to higher LDL C concentrations. The genetic evidence provides the rationale for therapeutic inhibition. Gain of function PCSK9 mutations are associated with…

…L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between 100 and 600 mg/day. Therapeutic serum concentrations range from 0.5…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin…

…Specific diagnostic criteria for cough hypersensitivity syndrome are lacking; the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials…

…other agents, including pexelizumab, losmapimod and darapladib, failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings studied. Clinical application and patient populations The evidence for anti…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Refractory angina is a chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options…

…patient with symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. The immediate therapeutic objective is restoration of coronary blood flow to the infarct zone, thereby limiting infarct size and…

…QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional…

…QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional…

…and treatment with antiplatelet agents. Research indicates that the ORBIT score may offer better discrimination and calibration for major bleeding events compared to both HAS…

…to catheter ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore, in the peri operative setting, patients at high risk for malignant…

…preferred. An increase of 1 2 mEq/L per hour for a total of 4 6 mEq/L in 24 hours may be targeted. Chronic…

…other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid. Uric acid excretion agents (e.g., probenecid): Salicylates counteract the effect of probenecid…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is an antiplatelet drug that irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase and thereby suppresses thromboxane A2 synthesis…

…The time in therapeutic range (TTR) should exceed 70 % Venous thromboembolism 2.0–3.0 Overlap with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for at least…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial…

…class has demonstrated consistent superiority for symptom relief in direct comparative studies, and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather…

…and pathophysiology Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies…

…therapeutic strategies, and evidence based interventions. Many tachyarrhythmias carry a potential risk of serious morbidity or mortality, underscoring the need for a structured and guideline…

…Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease…

…the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and in assessment before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation —…

…determines the diagnosis, and it is asked of a patient who is haemodynamically stable enough for there to be time to ask it. Indications Wide…

…for the deeper layers. Diagnostic tap: 21–22 G needle, 20 mL and 50 mL syringes. Therapeutic drainage: a commercial paracentesis set or a catheter…

…patient sits leaning forward with the arms on a table for diagnostic and therapeutic aspiration; for drain insertion the supine position is used with the…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…functional capacity, and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to very frail or multimorbid…

…and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms…

…additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for the acute clinical event during the index procedure. Complete revascularization aims to…

…Procedurer Definition and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection…

…sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction from beta blockers is that it lowers heart rate without directly reducing myocardial contractility or altering vascular tone. Accordingly…

…has been used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved…

…does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm. Complete cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary…

…a bridge, offering support until a definitive or interim therapeutic solution can be reached. There is no consensus regarding the criteria for ECMO initiation. However…

ECG Exercise stress test Indications, contraindications and subject preparations for exercise stress testing (exercise ECG) In this article, we will discuss indications, contraindications, and subject…

…cardioversion. It does not apply in haemodynamic instability. Digitalis toxicity — a risk of refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Therapeutic digoxin levels, by contrast, are no obstacle. Untreated…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Clinical Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional…

…aggregation. Its antiplatelet effect begins within approximately 30–60 minutes and persists for up to 7 days after discontinuation because platelet inhibition is irreversible. Aspirin…

…make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not…

…and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately one fifth of the risk of all…

…cardiovascular disease, including PAD Conversely, patients with CVD should be screened systematically for diabetes because undiagnosed T2DM is common and has major therapeutic and prognosti

…diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion, rather than rigid ECG thresholds. Several machine learning models for ECG…

…therefore, takes precedence over compressions. For traumatic tamponades, thoracotomy remains the primary therapeutic intervention. Ideally, it should be performed within 15 minutes of the onset…

…effects and lack of compelling data regarding morbidity and mortality benefits, digoxin has been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions. However…

…Furthermore, the blood pressure lowering effect persists for a duration of 3 to 4 days post infusion, thereby providing extended therapeutic benefits. 2 Infusion of…

…early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This exhaustive review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of VT management for the…