Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…ventricular strain and dysfunction, which is associated with poor outcomes. Preserving right ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is…

…manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures. Both can improve coronary flow, exercise capacity and…

…relief and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac…

…therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of…

…frail patients. Clinical Assessment Frailty and Functional Status Treatment decisions should not be based on age alone. Assessment should include: Degree of frailty, preferably using…

…strategy involving coronary angiography and subsequent revascularization may be undertaken early, delayed, or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or…

…Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response. Exercise testing can be used to evaluate the effect of medications or interventions such as PCI…

…metabolic and risk factor management has been associated with reduced AF symptoms and better maintenance of sinus rhythm in cohort studies. Obesity, reduced exercise capacity…

…declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is…

…a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment is safe…

…Nevertheless, the clinical importance of non fatal gastrointestinal and intracranial haemorrhage is substantial, particularly because the absolute cardiovascular benefit is small in many primary prevention…

…with a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence…

…should be considered within a stepwise, target based lipid lowering strategy: Dietary and lifestyle interventions form the foundation of treatment. Statins are the preferred first…

…patients. Treatment choices should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease…

…and HDL C should therefore be interpreted as a risk assessment variable rather than a therapeutic objective. LDL C as the primary treatment target Current…

…chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options. It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable…

…major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may persist despite appropriate lipid lowering and other guideline directed therapies. Anti inflammatory treatment…

…artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target…

…and treatment delays, and the time required for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems of…

…of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke. In untreated AF, stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and…

…on practical diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, with recommendations aligned with current guidelines from both the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC…

…pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft…

…of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid, tau, phospho tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and…

…unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial activity. The investigation is diagnostic, not therapeutic…

…pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment. Contraindications There…

…arm abducted and the hand behind the head. All drains are inserted within the safe triangle (Figure 1). Outside it the risk of injuring the…

…Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker …

…choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore extends beyond reducing myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility…

…margins and a narrow neck. These findings may reflect plaque disruption or thrombus. A rounded or polypoid intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of…

…plasma. Two principal therapeutic strategies have emerged: Inhibition of circulating PCSK9 activity , using the monoclonal antibodies evolocumab and alirocumab. Inhibition of hepatic PCSK9 synthesis , using…

…the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the risk of peripheral…

…the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) emerges as the sole therapeutic alternative for such situations. Presently, this treatment is…

…choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of…

…can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of unknown duration without anticoagulation can cause a stroke hours to weeks later. Everything else in the…

…and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the likelihood of…

…and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the likelihood of…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…Lip GY. Performance of the HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, and HAS BLED bleeding risk prediction scores in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing anticoagulation: the AMADEUS study. J…

…bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P. When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory…

…mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between 100 and 600 mg/day. Therapeutic serum concentrations range from 0.5 to 1.5 µg…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…a period of DAPT. The therapeutic objective is to reduce coronary thrombotic events without exposing the patient to disproportionate bleeding risk. Shortening treatment may reduce…

…with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally require all appropriate evidence based measures, including drug treatment and therapeutic lifestyle change…

…Evaluation of Treatment and Alternatives for Drug Failure The provided context does not contain specific information regarding the formal criteria for evaluating the success of…

…to 30% of patients initially classified as NSTEMI have an unrecognized OMI, with comparable infarct size and mortality to STEMI patients but significantly delayed treatment…

…mmol/L Seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia…

…intrapericardial pressure due to the tamponade. The increased pressure causes compression of the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on…

…due to digoxin treatment. Adverse effects of digoxin The incidence of adverse drug reactions is high, owing to the narrow therapeutic index of the drug…

…and initiation of renal replacement therapy. The study found no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to either the primary or secondary…

…The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences prognosis and therapeutic decision…