Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…ventricular strain and dysfunction, which is associated with poor outcomes. Preserving right ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is…

…manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures. Both can improve coronary flow, exercise capacity and…

…relief and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac…

…therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of…

…frail patients. Clinical Assessment Frailty and Functional Status Treatment decisions should not be based on age alone. Assessment should include: Degree of frailty, preferably using…

…strategy involving coronary angiography and subsequent revascularization may be undertaken early, delayed, or selectively after initial medical treatment. The presence of ST segment changes or…

…Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response. Exercise testing can be used to evaluate the effect of medications or interventions such as PCI…

…metabolic and risk factor management has been associated with reduced AF symptoms and better maintenance of sinus rhythm in cohort studies. Obesity, reduced exercise capacity…

…declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is…