Myocardial ischemia and infarction Introduction Drug eluting stents (DES) are the predominant device used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). They evolved from balloon angioplasty and…

…whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support above the expiratory pressure and thereby increases ventilation and lowers the carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema calls for the former…

…the device senses the rhythm through the cable, not through the pads. A pulse oximeter, a blood pressure cuff, and an arterial line for prolonged…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with a validated and calibrated device using a consistent method for the individual patient. The recommended procedure…

…Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on…

…instructors worldwide. Basic life support (BLS) 1. Safety at the scene The first step in BLS is to check the scene for safety. BLS can…

…the interventions available in BLS, the number needed to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy…

…a bridge, offering support until a definitive or interim therapeutic solution can be reached. There is no consensus regarding the criteria for ECMO initiation. However…

…gas determines the need for ventilatory support . At the same time, exacerbation is a clinical syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

…disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up …

…suction, a bag and mask, and access to equipment and competence for advanced life support in the room. Two people: one who injects and monitors…

…body. 6. Check the plasma potassium after about 1 hour and follow the plasma glucose closely for at least 6 hours after insulin. 7. Contact…

…minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold for treatment, known as t1…

…In Sweden the treatment is usually managed from an anticoagulation clinic with dosing support, but whoever starts the drug is responsible for the first week…

…of RV dysfunction. Catastrophic or “supermassive” PE refers to refractory cardiogenic shock or the need for ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane…

…on the particle. Genetic and Mendelian randomization studies support a causal relationship between Lp(a) associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also…

…infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR. Large infarction, especially for septal or free wall rupture. Free…

…the latent interval of several weeks, improvement with anti inflammatory treatment, and the tendency to recur all support an immunopathological mechanism. The precise cause, however…

…Vestibular neuritis, central cause Marked imbalance that makes walking impossible Cerebellar infarction HINTS in continuous vertigo HINTS is not a test for BPPV. It is…

…prior anticoagulation. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge support documents have tightened the threshold to 24 hours for patients with risk factors;…

Procedurer Children around the age of three account for the majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice…

[calc_syntax] SYNTAX Score: A Tool for Revascularization Strategy in Complex Coronary Artery Disease The SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to…

…BP guidelines. For adults with elevated BP, a calculated 10 year risk of ≥10% is considered sufficiently high to support BP lowering treatment, whether through…

…ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional hypothalamic…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque…

…framework for selecting treatment: Clinical state Principal management approach Congestion without hypoperfusion Intravenous loop diuretic therapy Congestion with hypoperfusion Loop diuretic therapy; consider inotropic support…

…statin treatment for patients who are statin intolerant. Possible concurrent initiation of ezetimibe with maximally tolerated statin therapy during ACS hospitalization. European recommendations support intensification…

…specific context of perioperative care in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy. Furthermore…

…and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers…

…shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect…

…They recur with rechallenge. The pattern is reproducible with more than one exposure. These features support, but do not by themselves prove, a causal relationship…

…diagnostic and treatment delays, and the time required for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems…

…with relatives or physicians before contacting emergency services. These factors support the need for targeted public education, particularly among underserved groups and ethnic minority communities…

…ablation or mechanical circulatory support remains a viable therapeutic pathway [4]. Furthermore, in the peri operative setting, patients at high risk for malignant arrhythmias should…

…earlier identification and treatment of high risk ACS patients. Future randomized trials are needed to validate this paradigm and support its broader adoption. Figure 1…

…For patients on beta blocker therapy, consider administering 1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids…

…1 . Expected cardiopulmonary function and alertness in decreasing body temperature according to HOPE (Hypothermia Outcome Prediction after Extracorporeal Life Support for Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients)…

…severe acute or chronic heart failure. Consider urgent angiography in patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be…

…flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of survival. No flow longer than 6 8 minutes is mostly fatal. Basic Life Support (BLS) …

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…around 46 % that at least one will fall outside. The ranges below are guide values for adults. The method and the laboratory determine the range —…

…previous acute coronary syndrome. The available evidence supports consideration of low dose colchicine as an adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, established secondary prevention…

…LV filling supports the diagnosis Unlike HFpEF, objective evidence of structural or functional cardiac abnormality or raised natriuretic peptides is not mandatory for HFmrEF when…

…delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients exposed to avoidable risk. Contemporary guidance therefore supports an early, intensive approach: treatment should begin immediately…

…ACC) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). A large body of evidence, based on randomized controlled clinical trials, supports the concepts and recommendations presented…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure control and adherence, although…

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…

…looking for Kussmaul’s sign Hepatomegaly as evidence of systemic venous congestion Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Clinical evidence of low cardiac output or…