…disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions. Because several mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with the…

…severe airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem…

…the preparation Avoid in renal failure, heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate…

…malignancy, tuberculous peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…

…pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of…

…1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a…

…morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them…

…respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely, mechanisms that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension, with…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected quickly. Rapid sequence induction is used when intubation is required [1]. In salicylate poisoning, intubation with an…

…Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and temperature management…

…hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD with respiratory acidosis …

…evidence of hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid…

…infarction, acute heart failure, or pulmonary oedema. Patients may present with chest pain, severe breathlessness, hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute…

…diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular…

…with co oximetry Follow up of pH in, for example, ketoacidosis A venous sample is often sufficient if respiratory failure is not suspected Shock with…

…Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease…

…percent or less together with marked symptoms indicates a severe attack, while a PEF below 33 percent or signs of ventilatory failure means life threatening…

…often combined with pleurodesis), and in chest trauma and postoperatively. Emergency needle decompression: a clinical suspicion of tension pneumothorax in a haemodynamically or respiratorily unstable…

…infected with COVID 19. Moreover, there may also be an increased risk of myocarditis, given the similarities between COVID 19 and MERS (Middle East Respiratory…

…sided heart failure, which is explained by the fact that high pressure in the right atrium leads to a decrease in atrial filling. Respiratory variations…

…chest pain, heart failure and cardiac arrest. In cases with intermittent symptoms, it is important to establish a temporal correlation between symptoms and episodes of…

…example a Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or…

…intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, or a need for a vasopressor After initial…

…of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression was no more common — and sometimes less common — after a benzodiazepine than with continued…

…reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention…

…Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure…

…with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection, hypotension or shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia, sustained bradyarrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia, or severe hypertension with…

…often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes, drug overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the cardiac arrest was caused…

…sepsis, malignancies with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome…

…half of the heart, it is important to familiarize yourself with the principles of hemodynamics and conditions prevailing on the right side. Echocardiography is the…

…is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It…

…end tidal carbon dioxide, ETCO2) Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up …

…sedating antihistamine for symptoms Anaphylaxis Objective airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise, or a rapidly progressive multisystem reaction Intramuscular adrenaline immediately Severe anaphylaxis Hypoxia, marked bronchospasm…

…the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1…

…non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction…

…raised filling pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are…

…aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until…

…manifestations of anaphylaxis Nervousness, anxiety. Dermatological: Pruritus Urticaria Respiratory: Dyspnea Bronchospasm, stridor, wheezing Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue, and uvula causing airway…

…increased respiratory rate), which should, however, be distinguished from dyspnea which is shortness of breath. Dyspnea may be due to poor exercise capacity (with normal…

…half of ocular myasthenia, thereafter MuSK and LRP4 antibodies) and on neurophysiology (repetitive nerve stimulation with a decrement ≥ 10 % at 3 Hz, sensitivity about 75…

…select a safe disposition and diagnostic strategy. Only a minority of patients presenting with acute chest pain ultimately have ACS; reported rates are generally 5…

…acquire a three dimensional cardiac dataset within approximately 5–15 seconds, with submillimetre spatial resolution. Iodinated contrast is generally required for coronary angiography because the…

…shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is…

…a respiratory Q wave, because its amplitude varies with respiration. Lead III may also display small Q waves (not related to respiration) in individuals with…

…to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The oxygen consumption – and thus oxygen demand – increases in parallel with the intensity of the exercise. The physiological changes (adaptations…

…normal findings, normal variants, etc – from adult electrocardiograms. It is crucial to be familiar with normal findings, normal variants, and pathology in neonates, infants and…