…disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions. Because several mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with the…

…severe airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem…

…the preparation Avoid in renal failure, heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate…

…malignancy, tuberculous peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…

…pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of…

…1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a…

…morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them…

…respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely, mechanisms that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension, with…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…