…0.4 0.8 2.1 Table 1. Survival in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ…

…is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

…classification comprises five groups: Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension Group 2: PH due to left heart disease Group 3: PH due to chronic lung disease…

…the right ventricle with echocardiography The right ventricle is relatively difficult to examine, which is due to the location of the ventricle in the thorax…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic…

…respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal and psychological complications. Symptoms and conditions that should prompt assessment include: Hypertension Dyspnoea Exercise intolerance Congestive HF CAD Palpitations or suspected atrial…

…antipsychotics, which mainly affect individual symptoms. Initial management ABCDE and immediate tests Assess the withdrawal and other life threatening conditions at the same time. Sec

…are common to all protocols. Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and…

…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

…other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…be initiated. In regards to cardiac arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses…

…the fact that high pressure in the right atrium leads to a decrease in atrial filling. Respiratory variations in E wave velocity Under normal circumstances…

…treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently…

…Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]. Intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) is…

…peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes…

…Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full sentences Marked work of breathing Use of accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal…

…and settings Condition Method Starting pressure Escalation Oxygen target : : : : : Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema CPAP 5–7.5 cmH₂O Increase in steps of 2.5 to 10…

…rate increases during inspiration due to diminished vagal tone. And the opposite, i.e the heart rate decreases during expiration due to increased vagal tone…

…end tidal carbon dioxide, ETCO2) Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the…

…or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie down or sit Often sits leaning forward, anxious Confusion, reduced consciousness or marked stillness Respiratory rate…

…within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question…

…the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1…

…during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk…

…z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the fifth percentile) has been recommended in preference to fixed percentage thresholds…

…to accumulate eGFR < 30 or dialysis Oxycodone or hydromorphone ; avoid morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory…

…a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate, not to a schedule. Always prescribe a laxative…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…is thought to involve the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…be managed in the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure…

…does lead to tachypnea (increased respiratory rate), which should, however, be distinguished from dyspnea which is shortness of breath. Dyspnea may be due to poor…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the lung does not come up against the probe on inspiration. 3. Measure the skin to pleura distance…

…at 5 minutes and be escalated without unnecessary pauses [1]. The aims are, simultaneously, to: 1. terminate clinical and electrographic seizure activity, 2. secure oxygenation…

…respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a need for general anaesthesia for other reasons. Extubate as soon as it is safe to…

…the coronary lumen. Coronary imaging is technically demanding because the vessels are small and are subject to both cardiac and respiratory motion. Image quality is…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…Myocardial injury Myocardial injury is a biochemical diagnosis defined by at least one cardiac troponin value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit…

…cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection, hypotension or shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia…

…For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is typically PEA, which is explained by the fact that the embolus prevents…

…the underlying cause. Hypocalcemi Hypocalcemia may arise from various causes, including acute pancreatitis, alkalosis due to hyperventilation, rhabdomyolysis (particularly the initial phase), sepsis, malignancies with…

…V1 (due to missing r wave or misplaced electrode). Lead III occasionally displays a large isolated Q wave; this is called a respiratory Q wave…

…The respiratory depth (volume) increases and this reduces the intrathoracic pressure by increasing the intrathoracic volume. Reduced intrathoracic pressure will passively suck blood back to…

…These age variations in heart rate are due to variations in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and changes in the automaticity of the…