…adiposity. Ethnic specific thresholds are lower or otherwise modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess…

…morbidity and mortality benefits, their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…which is driven by plaque rupture and thrombosis. The mechanisms leading to Type 2 MI are diverse and can be broadly categorised by whether they…

…Dermatological: Pruritus Urticaria Respiratory: Dyspnea Bronchospasm, stridor, wheezing Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue, and uvula causing airway obstruction Cardiovascular: Hypotension Circulatory collapse…

…go on, but he or she really has to push him or herself. It feels very heavy, and the person is very tired. 18 19…

…arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia fulfill all criteria for sinus rhythm except from the fact that the…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…after the sore has developed. Humidification, suction and the facility to give nebulised drugs within the circuit. Monitoring: continuous pulse oximetry, ECG, blood pressure, respiratory…

…results in PEA and cardiac arrest within 8 minutes. Cardiac arrest as a result of asphyxia or hypoxia is managed according to the standard CPR…

…for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal and the…

…FVC of 10 % of the predicted value after a bronchodilator suggests asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…the respiratory cycle and where the lung does not come up against the probe on inspiration. 3. Measure the skin to pleura distance on the…

…gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact…

…the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected…

…sufficient Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually…

…microparticles contribute to activation of coagulation. Plaque rupture is typically associated with a fibrin rich, red thrombus. The size and persistence of the thrombus depend…

…and therefore the worse the prognosis. This does not always hold true. For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is…

…simplified form, and the Hestia criteria, are used to assess clinical risk. These instruments incorporate haemodynamic and respiratory variables such as tachycardia and hypoxaemia, together…

…and permits delineation of the coronary lumen. Coronary imaging is technically demanding because the vessels are small and are subject to both cardiac and respiratory…

…to the preparation Avoid in renal failure, heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory…

…gradually decreases to about 120 beats/min at 6 months of age. After 12 months of age, the heart rate is steadily decreasing, and by…

…exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In hypotonic hyponatraemia the amount of water is too great in relation to the amount of…

…intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation between the symptoms and ECG recordings confirming a bradyarrhythmia. Potentially reversible causes should…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator. ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) , a type of ECLS, operates by drawing venous blood from the patient to an oxygenator …

…respiratory depression was no more common — and sometimes less common — after a benzodiazepine than with continued untreated status [3,4]. In parallel with the drug…

…Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress. Aortic dissection may cause sudden severe pain, often radiating to the back…

…acute pancreatitis, alkalosis due to hyperventilation, rhabdomyolysis (particularly the initial phase), sepsis, malignancies with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic…

…segment elevations and pathological Q waves occur in the same leads, which is why pathological Q waves can be used to localize the infarct area…

…to taper off, not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and…

…troponin value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall…

…and current reference values (GLI 2012 is the standard). Patient preparation — given with the appointment letter: Drug or habit Period to be withheld before the…

…ETCO2) Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon…

…a pump that propels blood back to the heart. The respiratory depth (volume) increases and this reduces the intrathoracic pressure by increasing the intrathoracic volume…

…level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed…

…a rising trend indicate exhaustion and impending respiratory arrest. A venous blood gas can give useful information about pH and the trend in carbon dioxide…

…Desaturation and unrecognised oesophageal intubation are the two mechanisms that kill patients during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway…

…oedema, together with at least one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect…

…myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton…

…The exceptions are pregnancy and the period before a urological procedure. A positive urine dipstick in an older patient is difficult to interpret. Skin and…

…lacks abdominal pain and peritonism and instead presents as encephalopathy, renal failure or simply deterioration. The procedure itself is straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid…

…in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate the presence of right ventricular load, a variety of echocardiographic parameters are used. Examination of the right ventricle…

…expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the…

…mixed metabolic and respiratory alkalosis if the pCO₂ is too low Normal Abnormal Abnormal A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is…

…liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the left

…urea and a blood gas with lactate 5 Give crystalloid in small boluses with frequent reassessment. Give blood according to the circulatory response and the…

…of the pericardium. In principle, all causes of pericarditis can result in constrictive pericarditis. In high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and…

…and bystanders. Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse (out of hospital or in hospital) the…