…respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation…

…respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation…

…mean that alveolar ventilation is already failing. A raised pCO₂, respiratory acidosis, a falling pH or a rising trend indicate exhaustion and impending respiratory arrest…

…Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure…

…rescue, and security guards) in BLS is key to improving outcomes in OHCA and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates…

…unloads the heart, whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support above the expiratory pressure and thereby increases ventilation and lowers the carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema calls…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling…

…disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up …

…gas is the reference method when the question concerns oxygenation, precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain…

…a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and…

…basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise induces physiological changes such as increased ventilation, coronary vasodilation…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…reach subxiphoid. Avoid sedation and positive pressure ventilation before decompression where possible: anaesthesia and intubation can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive…

…this is practicable. Give oxygen if hypoxaemic. Use a bag and mask if ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate…

…in chest trauma and postoperatively. Emergency needle decompression: a clinical suspicion of tension pneumothorax in a haemodynamically or respiratorily unstable patient. Contraindications In tension pneumothorax…

…often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes, drug overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the cardiac arrest was caused…

…is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…reactions in the lower grades and marked airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise in the higher ones [5]. For acute clinical use the following simplification can…

…the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1…

…cuff, a clock. The respiratory rate is counted manually. Naloxone 0.4 mg/mL out and checked before the first intravenous dose is given. Oxygen…

…heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate, not to a schedule. Always prescribe…

…peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment…

…capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust…

…P. When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…especially in young women. Non coronary mechanisms that reduce oxygen supply include severe bradyarrhythmia, respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock…

…Ebo et al ). Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis Nervousness, anxiety. Dermatological: Pruritus Urticaria Respiratory: Dyspnea Bronchospasm, stridor, wheezing Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue…

…It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C…

…pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of…

…decrement ≥ 10 % at 3 Hz, sensitivity about 75 %; single fibre EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the…

…Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation…

…intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, or a need for a vasopressor After initial…

…level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a need for general…

…Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or low arterial oxygen saturation Syncope These findings may occur singly or in combination…

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

…the coronary lumen. Coronary imaging is technically demanding because the vessels are small and are subject to both cardiac and respiratory motion. Image quality is…

…microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia, sustained bradyarrhythmia Increased myocardial oxygen demand Sustained tachyarrhythmia, severe hypertension, hypertensive crisis, critical…

…diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular…

…high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often systemic rather than confined to a single lesion. Consequently…

…confusion, impaired reflexes. Severe <115 mmol/L Seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause…

…in the right atrium leads to a decrease in atrial filling. Respiratory variations in E wave velocity Under normal circumstances, intrathoracic pressure decreases during inhalation…

…electrode). Lead III occasionally displays a large isolated Q wave; this is called a respiratory Q wave, because its amplitude varies with respiration. Lead III…

…tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) fulfills all criteria for sinus rhythm except for the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular. The…

…of atrial pressure. This is done by assessing the diameter of the vena cava inferior and whether the diameter varies during the respiratory cycle. Thus…