…respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation…

…respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation…

…mean that alveolar ventilation is already failing. A raised pCO₂, respiratory acidosis, a falling pH or a rising trend indicate exhaustion and impending respiratory arrest…

…Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure…

…rescue, and security guards) in BLS is key to improving outcomes in OHCA and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates…

…unloads the heart, whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support above the expiratory pressure and thereby increases ventilation and lowers the carbon dioxide. Pulmonary oedema calls…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…of the illness. 7. Start NIV without undue delay in persistent hypercapnic respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling…

…disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up …

…gas is the reference method when the question concerns oxygenation, precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain…