…left ventricle is many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization…

…Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism (PE). Hemodynamic effects Pulmonary embolism leads to increased resistance in the main pulmonary artery, and thereby increased afterload on the right…

…It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood, or, less commonly, a mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure…

…blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary…

…exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High…

…renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product…

…immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated conservatively. Immobilisation after reduction of a dislocation. Immobilisation of a ligament injury, a tendon injury…

…with the right atrium being depolarized before the left atrium. The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial activation…

…left ventricle is usually considerably larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left…

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…impaired renal venous outflow and persistent right sided congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium…

…with the right atrium being depolarized before the left atrium. The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial depolarization…

…effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a small dose, wait until it has worked…

…bradycardia. Click to zoom. Treatment of sinus bradycardia Benign causes of sinus bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) do not require treatment. When…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to a gradual reduction in the orifice area. As the area is reduced…

…haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…an orthopaedic surgeon before attempting reduction. Posterior shoulder dislocation, which is often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip …

…and less pronounced on the treadmill. Leg fatigue is, as compared with chest pain and dyspnea, a poor predictor of cardiovascular and all cause mortality…

…STEMI usually results from rapid thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic coronary artery. Slowly progressive severe stenoses are less likely to cause STEMI because collateral…

…on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow…

…for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission…

…term to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and organs. A few decades later Cohnheim demonstrated that ligation of the left anterior descending…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…functional) capacity. Functional capacity is a strong predictor of both cardiovascular and overall mortality, offering incremental prognostic data beyond perfusion imaging and ECG reaction. Coronary…

…initiation to restoration of coronary flow. Early reperfusion, reduction of myocardial energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management…

…LDL C reduction required is greater than can reasonably be obtained with a statin alone but does not necessarily require the larger effect of a…

…by about 13% of their length, but the sum of all contractions results in a reduction of the diameter and length of the ventricle by…

…inversion of the T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less…

…A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies…

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

Psykiatri Akutsjukvård Lathundar Rapid summary Alcohol withdrawal occurs after an abrupt reduction or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…the most common cause of misclassification. Five minutes' seated rest, back and arm supported, legs uncrossed, no conversation Cuff width ≥ 40% of the upper arm…

…The urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to…

…By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate…

…this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term essential . However, a growing body of science…

…can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…

…dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very nature: a patient who has not responded within a couple of…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein…

…18) of polyvinyl chloride for decompression and evacuation; a fine, soft tube (Ch 8–12) of polyurethane or silicone for nutrition, since it causes less…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Dietary patterns are the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health…

…outcome Reported benefit of cessation Cardiovascular disease overall Substantial reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality Established coronary disease Approximately 36% lower risk of premature death…

…a drop in blood pressure, and finally a reduction in heart rate. This sequence is characteristic of neurally mediated hypotension. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Vasovagal…

…Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating oral medical therapy for heart failure…

…heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The broader therapeutic principle is that LDL C reduction is associated with cardiovascular benefit regardless of the pharmacological route used. In patients…

…main stenosis is generally defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal…

…The magnitude of LDL C lowering depends partly on residual LDL receptor expression. PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies are less effective in homozygous FH when residual LDL…

…insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest and most consistent cardiovascular signal is reduction in hospitalization for heart failure. Benefits also include…

…manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with…

…risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever, or nasal polyps (increased risk of hypersensitivity…

…of LDL particles from the circulation. Statins also reduce production of apoB 100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…