…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS)…

…systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex…

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly. Ventricular septal rupture VSR typically causes: Recurrent chest pain. Dyspnoea. Hypotension. Rapid development of biventricular failure…

…may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at higher risk of SCD due to the progressive nature of HCM. By combining these factors…

…or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary…

…the principal scope of primary prevention, secondary prevention provides an important contrast. Patients with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally…

…Exercise progressively increases myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure. When coronary blood flow cannot increase adequately because of…

…relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology. Severe HTG…

…diseased segments. The latter may also protect against future proximal disease progression, while stents do not prevent the development of new proximal atherosclerosis. The choice…

…coronary syndrome Reinfarction reduced by approximately 30–40%; death reduced by approximately 35–45% Peripheral artery disease Lower risk of progression to chronic limb threat

…fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments…

…SCA) if the underlying cardiac disease is unknown or if disease progression is suspected. Reversible causes may account for up to 50% of SCA cases…

…work or recreational exercise Frailty or loss of muscle mass, particularly in older adults Patients require individualized progression because new symptoms during exercise may signal…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…after onset: routine primary PCI should be considered in otherwise stable patients. More than 48 hours after onset: routine PCI of an occluded infarct related…

…soon after treatment is initiated. Reported increases include: Approximately 43% increase in major bleeding in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials. Approximately 58% increase…

…publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. Mitral valve stenosis Primary parameters…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

Procedurer Two recordings that are performed in primary care but interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Contraindications Prasugrel should not be used in the following situations: Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of…

…angina may diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina or MI, making the distinction from primary dilated cardiomyopathy particularly difficult. When present…

…syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit…

…Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are…

…a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death …

…be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle of the face (nasal…

…simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters…

…perforation. Sources Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency. The summary of product characteristics for each glucocorticoid preparation…

…screening consists of the smear, not of the examination itself. Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test…

…kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation…

…not function. The tests that reflect the synthetic function of the liver are the prothrombin time (INR) , the albumin and the bilirubin — and they become…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6–8 hours for primary closure rests on weak evidence. More…

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

…32–60 25–31 18–24 <17 Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6…

…the difference in R wave amplitude, note the slurred terminal portion of the R wave in the high risk morphology, which replaces the sharp negative…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…least 50% resolution of ST segment elevation, and haemodynamic stability. Selection of the reperfusion strategy Primary PCI as the preferred strategy Primary percutaneous coronary intervention…

…by bradycardia. Most cases involve a mixed response of both hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a primary cardioinhibitory response with pronounced bradycardia. Most…

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 2012;83:81922. Mroczek…

…most of them are myxomas and next papillary fibroelastoma is most common. Among children, rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary…

…Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute pancreatitis, pancreas surgery, alkalosis (hyperventilation), rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine…

…The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right aspect of the aortic…

…referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was…

…disturbance in ventricular activation will reduce the efficiency of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered…

…decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles during tachycardia (e.g during physical exertion). Therefore…

…if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension…

…significance of the ST segment depression differs markedly in NSTE ACS and STE ACS. In NSTE ACS the ST segment depressions are the primary ischemic…

…for ATP synthesis [ATP is the primary energy source in all cells]). The heart consumes approximately 30 kilograms of ATP per day (Neubauer et al…

…primary PCI if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less If PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes Fibrinolysis within 10 minutes of…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…