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Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

…chronic, progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS)…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

Post-Infarction Mechanical Complications: Ventricular Septal, Free-Wall, and Papillary Muscle Rupture

…abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly. Ventricular septal rupture VSR typically causes: Recurrent chest pain. Dyspnoea. Hypotension. Rapid development of biventricular failure…

🟠 HCM Risk-SCD Calculator

…may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at higher risk of SCD due to the progressive nature of HCM. By combining these factors…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

…or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary…

Risk Factor Modification: The Evidence Base for Primary Prevention

…the principal scope of primary prevention, secondary prevention provides an important contrast. Patients with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally…

Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

…Exercise progressively increases myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure. When coronary blood flow cannot increase adequately because of…

Hypertriglyceridaemia: Management and Cardiovascular Risk

…relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology. Severe HTG…

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