…diuretics, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may also cause hyperkalemia. Insulin deficiency, Addison's disease and digoxin intoxication may also cause hyperkalemia. ECG…

…axis, where a long half life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)…

…499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L) in some guidance; 150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175…

…inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may influence blood pressure, glucose–insulin homeostasis, lipids and apolipoproteins, endothelial function…

…with lower ASCVD risk across the range studied, including concentrations below 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL). The proportional reduction in cardiovascular risk is…

…Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Primary or unilateral adrenal hyperplasia Rare aldosterone producing adrenal carcinoma Less commonly, ectopic aldosterone production Familial forms include familial hyperaldosteronism type 1…

…cardiogenic shock. Identification of life threatening arrhythmias. Assessment for high risk mechanical complications. Determination of symptom onset time and anticipated time to primary PCI. Patients…

…include: Approximately 11% reduction in cardiovascular events in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials involving individuals with an estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…Mitral valve stenosis Primary parameters Mild stenosis Moderate stenosis Severe stenosis Valve area 1,5 cm² 1,5 1,0 cm² < 1,0 cm²…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

Procedurer Two recordings that are performed in primary care but interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

…reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A…

…hypokalaemia. Endocrine disorders account for many secondary forms. Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases…

…when encountering a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty:…

…a primary metabolic disturbance within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2…

…Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test throughout the country. Cytology is used as a triage test…

…ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures…

…stricture, tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's…

…Addisonian crisis, hydrocortisone must be given immediately — the test must never delay treatment. Indications Suspected primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease): fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation…

…or a dressing alone. Contraindications Primary closure must be avoided or considered carefully in: Bite wounds — particularly cat and human bites, and all bites on…

…widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a risk factor. Rationale for the development…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

…death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 )…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control…

…those achieved during testing. Exercise ECG has become less prominent as a primary diagnostic test for obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), because coronary computed tomography…

…disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An alternative proposed mechanism is primary rupture of the vasa vasorum, followed by disruption of the intima…

…whereas primary PCI appears to reduce its risk. VSR incidence has decreased from approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion…

…cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the…

…of ischaemia; haemodynamic instability; or life threatening arrhythmias. A routine PPCI strategy should be considered for presentation 12–48 hours after symptom onset. Routine PCI…

…hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a primary cardioinhibitory response with pronounced bradycardia. Most cardioinhibitory events are due to sinus bradycardia, though transient atrioventricular…

…particularly before laboratory results are available. Notably: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent…

…are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in Table 1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst…

…rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary cardiac tumor. These tumors most often debute at the age of 30 60 years…

…The coronary arteries: a brief overview The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on…

…90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying…

…efficiency of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered QRS appearance. These concepts will be discussed…

…declined steadily ever since. The marked decline in death rates and case fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced…

…to depolarize and repolarize the ventricles ( Figure 1 ). The length of the QT interval correlates strongly with the risk of potentially life threatening ventricular arrhythmias…

…life threatening complication of coronary atherosclerosis. The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting…

…if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension…

…horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Characteristics of ischemic ST segment depressions on ECG…

…they described these phases, which require different treatment strategies to maximize survival (Table 1). Phase Period Optimal treatment Electrical phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation…

…and transport planning [1,5]. Symptom duration Under 12 hours: reperfusion is indicated in persisting STEMI. 12 to 48 hours: primary PCI should be considered…

…1 J/kg in a child (2 J/kg at the second attempt). Vasoactive infusions Drug Dose range Primary effect Used in : : : : Noradrenaline 0.05…

…0 ± 1.1 70 12.7 ± 1.2 12.2 ± 1.3 All 11.9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary…

…or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV plus 1.5 g for the first dose, then 1 g × 1 IV Clostridioides difficile, primary infection…

…0 ± 1.1 70 12.7 ± 1.2 12.2 ± 1.3 All 11.9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary…

…It is the most prevalent cardiomyopathy worldwide, affecting 1 in 500 individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac…

…a primary PCI strategy is indicated in the presence of ongoing ischemic symptoms, haemodynamic instability, or life threatening arrhythmias. I C A routine primary PCI…