…Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Primary or unilateral adrenal hyperplasia Rare aldosterone producing adrenal carcinoma Less commonly, ectopic aldosterone production Familial forms include familial hyperaldosteronism type 1…

…12 hours of symptom onset: reperfusion therapy is recommended for all patients with a working diagnosis of STEMI. More than 12 hours after onset: primary…

…in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials involving individuals with an estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of 10%. Approximately 12% reduction in non fatal…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…Mitral valve stenosis Primary parameters Mild stenosis Moderate stenosis Severe stenosis Valve area 1,5 cm² 1,5 1,0 cm² < 1,0 cm²…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

Procedurer Two recordings that are performed in primary care but interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

…reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A…

…primary aldosteronism with renin and aldosterone measurements should be considered in all adults with confirmed hypertension, defined in the cited recommendation as blood pressure ≥140…

…department, as well as in primary health care. The cause (etiology) of chest pain varies according to age, sex, risk factors, type of symptoms etc…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by metabolizing carbohydrates …

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty:…

…a primary metabolic disturbance within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2…

…life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long…

…Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test throughout the country. Cytology is used as a triage test…

…ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures…

…stricture, tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's…

…Addisonian crisis, hydrocortisone must be given immediately — the test must never delay treatment. Indications Suspected primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease): fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation…

…or a dressing alone. Contraindications Primary closure must be avoided or considered carefully in: Bite wounds — particularly cat and human bites, and all bites on…

…widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a risk factor. Rationale for the development…

…5–16 17–19 20–22 23 RV fractional area change, % 32–60 25–31 18–24 <17 Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters…

…death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 )…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside first described by William Withering in 1775, is the oldest pharmacologic agent in the heart…

…usually on a treadmill, while symptoms, a 12 lead ECG, heart rate and blood pressure are monitored. The test is generally symptom limited and is…

…dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L) in some guidance; 150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg…

…Subacute: 15–90 days. Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type…

…whereas primary PCI appears to reduce its risk. VSR incidence has decreased from approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion…

…cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the…

…strategy Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is preferred to fibrinolysis when the anticipated interval from STEMI diagnosis to PCI mediated reperfusion is less than 120…

…hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a primary cardioinhibitory response with pronounced bradycardia. Most cardioinhibitory events are due to sinus bradycardia, though transient atrioventricular…

…onset, is of paramount importance. The primary concern in correcting hyponatremia is the prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central pontine myelinolysis…

…decrease at a rate of 0.1°C/min during the cooling process. Malignant hyperthermia Malignant hyperthermia may manifest under two primary circumstances: Due to a…

…rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary cardiac tumor. These tumors most often debute at the age of 30 60 years…

…a correlation between the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels…

…The coronary arteries: a brief overview The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on…

…90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying…

…efficiency of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered QRS appearance. These concepts will be discussed…

…the 1970s and have declined steadily ever since. The marked decline in death rates and case fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive…

…end of the T wave. This interval represents the total time taken to depolarize and repolarize the ventricles ( Figure 1 ). The length of the QT…

…UA has precipitously declined, as many cases previously classified as UA are now recognized as micro infarctions (NSTEMI) [8] . Type 1 vs. Type 2 Myoca

…if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension…

…horizontal ST segment depression is more specific than the downsloping depression. Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. Characteristics of ischemic ST segment depressions on ECG…

…the primary energy source in all cells]). The heart consumes approximately 30 kilograms of ATP per day (Neubauer et al), which is about 100 times…

…time targets and choice of reperfusion Primary PCI is the method of choice if PCI can be performed within 120 minutes of the STEMI diagnosis…

…150 J biphasic in an adult, 1 J/kg in a child (2 J/kg at the second attempt). Vasoactive infusions Drug Dose range Primary…

…0 ± 1.1 70 12.7 ± 1.2 12.2 ± 1.3 All 11.9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary…

…first dose, then 1 g × 1 IV Clostridioides difficile, primary infection, low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg × 4 PO 10 days Clostridioides difficile, high…

…0 ± 1.1 70 12.7 ± 1.2 12.2 ± 1.3 All 11.9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary…

…It is the most prevalent cardiomyopathy worldwide, affecting 1 in 500 individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac…

…elevation). I C If time from symptom onset is 12 h, a primary PCI strategy is indicated in the presence of ongoing ischemic symptoms, haemodynamic…

…and alterations in reentry pathways. Proarrhythmic events occur in 5% to 10% of patients receiving antiarrhythmic agents, and this risk is amplified in the presence…

…prevention and 30% in primary prevention; 23% were taking a small dose of a statin, defined as atorvastatin less than 10 mg daily or an…