…referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was…

…4745 patients within 30 days of myocardial infarction. Participants received colchicine 0.5 mg once daily or placebo. The primary composite outcome included cardiovascular death…

…appreciable cost and procedural risk, the risk benefit balance depends almost entirely on the capacity to identify, prospectively, those individuals genuinely at risk of arrest…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…after onset: routine primary PCI should be considered in otherwise stable patients. More than 48 hours after onset: routine PCI of an occluded infarct related…

…soon after treatment is initiated. Reported increases include: Approximately 43% increase in major bleeding in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials. Approximately 58% increase…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. Mitral valve stenosis Primary parameters…

…1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms) ≥ 190 ms Right atrium Pressure half time…

Procedurer Two recordings that are performed in primary care but interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Contraindications Prasugrel should not be used in the following situations: Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of…

…angina may diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina or MI, making the distinction from primary dilated cardiomyopathy particularly difficult. When present…

…syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit…

…Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are…

…a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right…

…be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle of the face (nasal…

…simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters…

…perforation. Sources Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency. The summary of product characteristics for each glucocorticoid preparation…

…Self sampling for HPV is now a permanent part of the programme and is widely used — a woman who does not attend for a gynaecological…

…larynx. The difficult airway rarely kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan…

…not function. The tests that reflect the synthetic function of the liver are the prothrombin time (INR) , the albumin and the bilirubin — and they become…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6–8 hours for primary closure rests on weak evidence. More…

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

…1 cm² ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms) ≥ 190 ms Right atrium Severly enlarged Vena…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…of rupture, or determine whether ischaemia would occur at workloads greater than those achieved during testing. Exercise ECG has become less prominent as a primary…

…adequacy of LDL C lowering treatment. In severe primary HTG, whether specialist lipid assessment is required. A comprehensive cardiovascular assessment should include review of modifiable…

…whereas disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An alternative proposed mechanism is primary rupture of the vasa vasorum, followed by disruption of the…

…particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In a large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred in approximately 0.27% of STEMI cases and 0.06% of…

…endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial…

…least 50% resolution of ST segment elevation, and haemodynamic stability. Selection of the reperfusion strategy Primary PCI as the preferred strategy Primary percutaneous coronary intervention…

…episodes and serious harm. This evaluation should include a detailed history, thorough questioning of eyewitnesses, and a complete physical and neurologic examination. Blood pressure and…

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 2012;83:81922. Mroczek…

…most of them are myxomas and next papillary fibroelastoma is most common. Among children, rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary…

…Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute pancreatitis, pancreas surgery, alkalosis (hyperventilation), rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine…

…The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right aspect of the aortic…

…and the fascicles of the left bundle branch (Figure 1). The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers from the left bundle branch. The right bundle branch…

…fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments…

…decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles during tachycardia (e.g during physical exertion). Therefore…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…It is localized immediately behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle has a complicated anatomy…

…not be depolarized via the Purkinje network, but rather via spread of the depolarization from the right ventricle. The abnormal ventricular depolarization will cause an…

…for ATP synthesis [ATP is the primary energy source in all cells]). The heart consumes approximately 30 kilograms of ATP per day (Neubauer et al…

…primary PCI if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less If PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes Fibrinolysis within 10 minutes of…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…

…indexed Aortic annulus 20 31 mm 12 14 mm/m2 Sinuses of Valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm…

…primary infection, low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg × 4 PO 10 days Clostridioides difficile, high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10…

…9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0…

…PA, Schinkel AFL, Liebregts M, et al. Validation of the 2014 European Society of Cardiology guidelines risk prediction model for the primary prevention of sudden

…routine primary PCI strategy should be considered in patients presenting late (12–48 h) after symptom onset. IIa B In asymptomatic patients, routine PCI of…

…Electrocardiogram (ECG) The ECG is the primary diagnostic tool for evaluating acquired QT prolongation. The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values…