…defibrillation capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest…

…publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. Mitral valve stenosis Primary parameters…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems of care. Fibrinolysis promotes thrombus dissolution by converting…

…by bradycardia. Most cases involve a mixed response of both hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a primary cardioinhibitory response with pronounced bradycardia. Most…

…The primary concern in correcting hyponatremia is the prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central pontine myelinolysis. Excessively rapid correction of sodium…

…simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters…

…or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes. Pulmonary hypertension secondary…

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…98:10511. Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients' su

…involving 192 patients with cardiogenic shock, researchers compared the effectiveness of milrinone and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest…

…of cardiac arrest : In cases where cardiac arrest is caused by myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, or primary arrhythmias, shockable rhythm indicates that the duration of…

…kg over 20–60 min Central access for a longer infusion Metoprolol 5 mg IV, repeated to a maximum of 15 mg 0.1 mg…

…indexed Aortic annulus 20 31 mm 12 14 mm/m2 Sinuses of Valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm…

…9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0…

…and 3 MI, clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia is central. Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia are a primary diagnostic criterion for acute MI. For procedural…

…Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of an underlying structural cardiac explanation Early onset…

…soon after treatment is initiated. Reported increases include: Approximately 43% increase in major bleeding in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials. Approximately 58% increase…

…psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and frailty. Primary prevention is complemented by population level interventions. Population…

…CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin…

Procedurer Two recordings that are performed in primary care but interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the…

…primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Contraindications Prasugrel should not be used in the following situations: Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of…

…angina may diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina or MI, making the distinction from primary dilated cardiomyopathy particularly difficult. When present…

…Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are…

…a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death …

…be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle of the face (nasal…

…perforation. Sources Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency. The summary of product characteristics for each glucocorticoid preparation…

…screening consists of the smear, not of the examination itself. Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test…

…kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation…

…not function. The tests that reflect the synthetic function of the liver are the prothrombin time (INR) , the albumin and the bilirubin — and they become…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6–8 hours for primary closure rests on weak evidence. More…

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

…CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin…

…the difference in R wave amplitude, note the slurred terminal portion of the R wave in the high risk morphology, which replaces the sharp negative…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…of rupture, or determine whether ischaemia would occur at workloads greater than those achieved during testing. Exercise ECG has become less prominent as a primary…

…adequacy of LDL C lowering treatment. In severe primary HTG, whether specialist lipid assessment is required. A comprehensive cardiovascular assessment should include review of modifiable…

…particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In a large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred in approximately 0.27% of STEMI cases and 0.06% of…

…endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 2012;83:81922. Mroczek…

…most of them are myxomas and next papillary fibroelastoma is most common. Among children, rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary…

…Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute pancreatitis, pancreas surgery, alkalosis (hyperventilation), rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine…

…The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right aspect of the aortic…

…referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was…

…disturbance in ventricular activation will reduce the efficiency of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered…

…fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments…

…decreases and vice versa. The physiological purpose of this phenomenon is to allow for faster cardiac cycles during tachycardia (e.g during physical exertion). Therefore…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension…

…significance of the ST segment depression differs markedly in NSTE ACS and STE ACS. In NSTE ACS the ST segment depressions are the primary ischemic…

…for ATP synthesis [ATP is the primary energy source in all cells]). The heart consumes approximately 30 kilograms of ATP per day (Neubauer et al…

…primary PCI if the total expected time is 120 minutes or less If PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes Fibrinolysis within 10 minutes of…