…making rapid recognition, defibrillation capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems of care. Fibrinolysis promotes thrombus dissolution by converting…

…hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a primary cardioinhibitory response with pronounced bradycardia. Most cardioinhibitory events are due to sinus bradycardia, though transient atrioventricular…

…of paramount importance. The primary concern in correcting hyponatremia is the prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central pontine myelinolysis. Excessively rapid…

…expected pCO₂ or HCO₃. A value outside the expected range means there is a further primary disorder 4 Is there a metabolic acidosis? Calculate the…

…patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic abnormality in HFpEF is impaired diastolic function. The left ventricle…

…disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An alternative proposed mechanism is primary rupture of the vasa vasorum, followed by disruption of the intima…

…episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension…

…arterial line, PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects persist for 7–10 days after the end of infusion. Refer to Table 2 for a…

…In stroke, neuronal cell death begins in the central ischemic zone, where the ischemia is most pronounced and extends towards the penumbra zone (the outermost…

…60 min, then 900 mg/24 h 5 mg/kg over 20–60 min Central access for a longer infusion Metoprolol 5 mg IV, repeated…

…9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0.3 0…

…9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0…

…and 3 MI, clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia is central. Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia are a primary diagnostic criterion for acute MI. For procedural…

…balance. The principal sporadic subtypes are: Aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Primary or unilateral adrenal hyperplasia Rare aldosterone producing adrenal carcinoma Less commonly…

…include: Approximately 11% reduction in cardiovascular events in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials involving individuals with an estimated 10 year cardiovascular risk of…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

Procedurer Two recordings that are performed in primary care but interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the…

…UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

…hypokalaemia. Endocrine disorders account for many secondary forms. Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of secondary hypertension cases…

…one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department, as well as in primary health care. The cause (etiology) of chest pain varies according…

…into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome, BrS is characterized by a distinct electrocardiographic (ECG) signature…

…Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the primary energy source. ATP is produced by metabolizing carbohydrates …

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty:…

…life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long…

…Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test throughout the country. Cytology is used as a triage test…

…ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures…

…stricture, tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's…

…Addisonian crisis, hydrocortisone must be given immediately — the test must never delay treatment. Indications Suspected primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease): fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation…

…or a dressing alone. Contraindications Primary closure must be avoided or considered carefully in: Bite wounds — particularly cat and human bites, and all bites on…

…widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a risk factor. Rationale for the development…

…32–60 25–31 18–24 <17 Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6…

…by echocardiography. Reduced LVEF reliably identifies a high risk group that derives a large, trial proven survival benefit from primary prevention ICDs. Its dominance, though…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…Beyond its direct cellular actions, digoxin exerts significant systemic effects via the autonomic nervous system. It attenuates carotid sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and…

…those achieved during testing. Exercise ECG has become less prominent as a primary diagnostic test for obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), because coronary computed tomography…

… 150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg/dL (2.0–5.6 mmol/L) Severe HTG ≥500…

…and viable myocardium. The incidence has fallen substantially with contemporary reperfusion, particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In a large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred…

…cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the…

…the cooling process. Malignant hyperthermia Malignant hyperthermia may manifest under two primary circumstances: Due to a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent…

…rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary cardiac tumor. These tumors most often debute at the age of 30 60 years…

…impulse conduction. 2. Calcium Hypercalcemia Causes of hypercalcaemia Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies cause 90% of all cases of hypercalcemia. Less common causes are immobilization, sarcoidosis…

…The coronary arteries: a brief overview The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on…

…90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying…

…efficiency of the pumping function. The primary ECG manifestations of conduction defects are prolonged QRS complexes and altered QRS appearance. These concepts will be discussed…

…declined steadily ever since. The marked decline in death rates and case fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced…

…interval. The primary hazard lies in long QTc intervals because they induce a very unstable polymorphic ventricular tachycardia referred to as torsade de pointes . Abnormally…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension…

…the primary ischemic ECG changes. ST segment depressions in NSTE ACS are frequently accompanied by T wave inversions (or flat T waves), but the primary…

…Myocardial oxygen demand Myocardium can only function under aerobic conditions (oxygen is required for ATP synthesis [ATP is the primary energy source in all cells])…

…STEMI: time targets and choice of reperfusion Primary PCI is the method of choice if PCI can be performed within 120 minutes of the STEMI…