…cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The principal sporadic subtypes are: Aldosterone producing adrenal adenoma Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia Primary or…

…patients. More than 48 hours after onset: routine PCI of an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended in stable, asymptomatic patients without severe ischaemia…

…does not reduce cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Reported relative effects include: Approximately 11% reduction in cardiovascular events in a meta analysis of primary prevention…

…Primary prevention targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines lifestyle intervention with treatment of…

…publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. Mitral valve stenosis Primary parameters…

…regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined…

…pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension: raised office blood pressure without organ damage…

…proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the posterior fossa. Preparation and equipment No special…

…with or without food. Administering a 60 mg loading dose on an empty stomach may provide the fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or…

…angina may diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina or MI, making the distinction from primary dilated cardiomyopathy particularly difficult. When present…

…syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit…

…of a secondary cause The medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood pressure. The source material does not…

…a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…to endure 20 to 30 minutes of severe ischemia. If myocardial perfusion (blood flow) in the ischemic zone is not restored before that time limit…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death …

…must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle of the…

…simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters…

…A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long…

…screening consists of the smear, not of the examination itself. Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test…

…ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures…

…tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome…

…crisis, hydrocortisone must be given immediately — the test must never delay treatment. Indications Suspected primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease): fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyponatraemia…

…contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found…

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

…regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined…

…prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie in therapy: implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are highly effective, terminating well over 99% of the…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it…

…moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD, CCTA or functional imaging should generally be preferred when available. Exercise ECG is not recommended as a rule…

…is not recommended in individuals with previous virological failure if it risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe…

…AAS is classified anatomically according to involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without extension into the arch…

…Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in…

…does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm. Complete cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary…

…systems of care. Fibrinolysis promotes thrombus dissolution by converting plasminogen to plasmin. Fibrin specific agents act preferentially when fibrin is present, whereas streptokinase is not…

…by bradycardia. Most cases involve a mixed response of both hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a primary cardioinhibitory response with pronounced bradycardia. Most…

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 2012;83:81922. Mroczek…

…most of them are myxomas and next papillary fibroelastoma is most common. Among children, rhabdomyoma is most common. Myxoma Myxoma is the most common primary…

…sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction. 2. Calcium Hypercalcemia Causes of hypercalcaemia Primary hyperparathyroidism and…

…The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right aspect of the aortic…

…90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying…

…fascicles of the left bundle branch (Figure 1). The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers from the left bundle branch. The right bundle branch does not…

…fatality is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments…

…end of the T wave. The QT interval should be measured in 3 to 5 consecutive beats in leads II, V5 and V6. Leads without…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension…

…significance of the ST segment depression differs markedly in NSTE ACS and STE ACS. In NSTE ACS the ST segment depressions are the primary ischemic…

…and to maximize the likelihood of restoring spontaneous circulation, interventions should be adapted to the current phase. However, current guidelines do not consider this fact …

…failed fibrinolysis Immediate rescue PCI The 120 minute limit is a ceiling for the choice between primary PCI and fibrinolysis, not an acceptable routine target…

…page is a rapid guide, not a treatment review. For a fuller account of two of the commonest acute drug problems, see Warfarin therapy and…

…indexed Aortic annulus 20 31 mm 12 14 mm/m2 Sinuses of Valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm…

…primary infection, low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg × 4 PO 10 days Clostridioides difficile, high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10…

…9 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0…

…Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (NSVT) : Episodes of VT are a strong predictor of SCD. Unexplained Syncope : Syncope without a clear cause may indicate underlying arrhythmias…

…recommended within 12 h of symptom onset in patients without contraindications. I A In the absence of ST segment elevation, primary PCI is indicated in…

…Electrocardiogram (ECG) The ECG is the primary diagnostic tool for evaluating acquired QT prolongation. The upper 99% limits of normal for corrected QT (QTc) values…

…in primary prevention; 23% were taking a small dose of a statin, defined as atorvastatin less than 10 mg daily or an equivalent dose of…