…cerebrovascular accident at a young age in the patient or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness…

…primary PCI should be considered in otherwise stable patients. More than 48 hours after onset: routine PCI of an occluded infarct related artery is not…

…does not reduce cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Reported relative effects include: Approximately 11% reduction in cardiovascular events in a meta analysis of primary prevention…

…Primary prevention targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines lifestyle intervention with treatment of…

…publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 30 (4), pp. 303–371. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007. Mitral valve stenosis Primary parameters…

…regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined…

…the circumference, do not guess. Measure the blood pressure in both arms when fitting the device. Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the…

…single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the posterior…

…taken with or without food. Administering a 60 mg loading dose on an empty stomach may provide the fastest onset of effect. Do not crush…

…burden of nonviable or scarred myocardium is associated with less improvement in LVEF. Nevertheless, improvement in LVEF is not the only possible objective of revascularization…

…guideline recommendations include: High intensity statin therapy for all patients with ACS. Addition of a non statin lipid lowering agent in patients receiving maximally tolerated…

…of a secondary cause The medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood pressure. The source material does not…

…when encountering a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…to endure 20 to 30 minutes of severe ischemia. If myocardial perfusion (blood flow) in the ischemic zone is not restored before that time limit…

…predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population…

…cardiovascular medicine. As a primary driver of sudden cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates…

…of the cavity and its distance to vessels. Contraindications and when to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary…

…simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters…

…suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal…

…screening consists of the smear, not of the examination itself. Cervical cancer screening in Sweden Since 2017, HPV testing has been the primary screening test…

…ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures…

…together with ultrasound of the liver and biliary tract . Go through the medication and any herbal preparations carefully — drug induced liver injury is the commonest…

…weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the…

…cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that…

…with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a risk factor. Rationale for the development of CHA₂DS₂ VA The CHA₂DS₂…

…regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined…

…those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no…

…Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate it from angina…

…fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity, which manifests across multiple organ systems…

…patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD, CCTA or functional imaging should generally be preferred when available. Exercise ECG is not…

…is not recommended in individuals with previous virological failure if it risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe…

…of aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent, particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury…

…fallen substantially with contemporary reperfusion, particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In a large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred in approximately 0.27% of STEMI…

…does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm. Complete cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary…

…systems of care. Fibrinolysis promotes thrombus dissolution by converting plasminogen to plasmin. Fibrin specific agents act preferentially when fibrin is present, whereas streptokinase is not…

…by bradycardia. Most cases involve a mixed response of both hypotension and bradycardia. However, some patients exhibit a primary cardioinhibitory response with pronounced bradycardia. Most…

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…the size and localization of the mass are indicative in diagnostics. A patient who exhibits an ecotdense mass entrenched in the endocardium with impaired mobility …

…sodium levels do not have any effect on the ECG, nor cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction. 2. Calcium Hypercalcemia Causes of hypercalcaemia Primary hyperparathyroidism and…

…The two primary coronary arteries originate from the aortic bulb ( Figure 1 ): The right coronary artery ( RCA ) originates on the right aspect of the aortic…

…Lim et al ). Approximately 90–95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension…

…severity of the conduction defect and the affected ventricle. In general, a conduction defect in the left ventricle is more significant, as compared with a…

…is most likely explained by successful primary preventive strategies, such as reduced smoking rates, aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. It is recommended that the automatic (machine) calculation of the corrected QT interval…

…With the ubiquitous adoption of hs cTn assays, the incidence of diagnosed UA has precipitously declined, as many cases previously classified as UA are now…

…if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension…

…significance of the ST segment depression differs markedly in NSTE ACS and STE ACS. In NSTE ACS the ST segment depressions are the primary ischemic…

…and to maximize the likelihood of restoring spontaneous circulation, interventions should be adapted to the current phase. However, current guidelines do not consider this fact …

…hours: primary PCI should be considered even if symptoms have subsided, particularly with continuing ischaemia, heart failure, electrical instability or a large area of myocardium…

…repeated to a maximum of 3 mg 0.02 mg/kg, minimum 0.1 mg, maximum 0.5 mg For bradycardia with compromise Isoprenaline 0…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…severe piperacillin–tazobactam 4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline…

…of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…h of symptom onset in patients without contraindications. I A In the absence of ST segment elevation, primary PCI is indicated in patients with symptoms…

…context of cancer therapy, patients may develop new cardiac symptoms such as syncope, pre syncope, or rapid palpitations. These symptoms often accompany QTc prolongation with…

…Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg. The LDL C response varies with background therapy: Treatment setting Approximate LDL C…