…Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction must therefore be managed as…

…the patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example…

…how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with…

…patient quickly into the supine position with the head extended approximately 20–30° below the horizontal, maintaining the 45° rotation. 4. Observe the eyes for…

…any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for…

…EMI. The perioperative strategy should also recognize that CRT patients may rely on continuous biventricular pacing for haemodynamic stability. In patients with resynchronization devices, maintaining…

…HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably ATRIA and HAS BLED: HAS BLED Score: In a study evaluating bleeding risk prediction in AF patients…

…in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted for…

…of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly…

…L/min — the patient then rebreathes carbon dioxide from the mask Mask with a reservoir 10–15 L/min 60–90 % For acute severe hypoxaemia…

…cardiac index is cardiac output normalized to body surface area. The ultrasound system calculates body surface area using the patient's sex, weight and height…

…hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over…

…the prognosis. The patient must go to cardiothoracic surgery. In profound shock, very limited decompression may be considered in consultation with a cardiothoracic surgeon. Myocardial…

…with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for…

…is managed according to the standard CPR algorithm, except that interventions to reoxygenate the patient is of paramount importance. In cardiac arrest due to asphyxia…

…from other fields (e.g. sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients…

…actively look for another , in the other nostril, in the ears and in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently…

…after a few minutes' rest, if the patient's condition allows. 7. With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course, an arterial line should be…

…generally preferred for coronary angiography and PCI because it is associated with fewer vascular and bleeding complications than femoral access. In patients with acute coronary…

…first line pharmacological therapy for patients at increased ASCVD risk. Ezetimibe is appropriate when the LDL C goal is not achieved with statin therapy or…

…particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and…

…in incorrect recordings. Patient data Gender, age, weight and height are required to evaluate the examination. Most echocardiographic parameters vary with age, gender and body…

…position, provided that the patient is able to assume this position. The subcostal and suprasternal windows are obtained with the patient in the supine position…

…Preparation: The patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely…

…effect. Duplicate therapy. Check that the patient is not simultaneously on a DOAC, low molecular weight heparin and an antiplatelet agent without an indication. Interactions…

…8% Interpretation of ATRIA risk score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED…

…treated in the same broad category as a patient with coronary artery disease when clinically appropriate. Other coronary anomalies Anomalous coronary origin and course can…

…clinical spectrum of ACS is broad. Patients may be asymptomatic at presentation, have persistent chest discomfort, or present with cardiac arrest, electrical or haemodynamic instability…

…amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist is essential…

…vagal tone does not necessitate treatment but it might be wise to observe the patient for 24 hours (including ECG monitoring). In all other situations…

…terminating the medication as compared with implanting a permanent pacemaker and continuing the treatment. Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that…

…should lead to suspicion of ischemia (if the patient has symptoms consistent with ischemia). The same is true for artificial pacemakers (virtually all pacemakers stimula

…also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of…

…acute stressor superimposed on the patient's baseline cardiovascular state. For instance, a patient with stable CAD may present with clinical manifestations of myocardial ischaemia…

…benign to highly malignant, which is why expeditious management is warranted. Initial management includes assessing the patient's clinical status (symptoms, hemodynamics), ECG and risk…

…under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy Reduced compression, closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe…

…should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should…

…Patients with suspected ACS are categorized into a STEMI pathway or an NSTE ACS pathway according to the initial ECG and clinical presentation. For suspected…

…In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment decision. Population to which SCORE2 and SCORE2…

…ECG grid is used in children and adult patients. Recommendations for ECG recording in children Pediatric patients frequently have difficulties being still during clinical examinations…

…developing a new event. Administration Ticagrelor can be administered with or without food. For patients who cannot swallow the tablets whole, they can be crushed…

…for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other…

…independent risk factor for stroke in AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…predictors of ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism are previous stroke or TIA and mitral stenosis. In patients with AF and previous ischaemic stroke treated wi

…degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions…

…Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold sweat, nausea, etc – are also common in NSTEMI and unstable angina (please refer to Approach to Patients with Chest…

…able to diagnose ventricular tachycardia. Causes of ventricular tachycardia Patients with ventricular tachycardia almost invariably have significant underlying heart disease. The most common causes are…

…uniform across the HFmrEF population. Some patients have a pathophysiological profile closer to HFrEF, whereas others have features overlapping with HFpEF, including abnormalities of LV…

…However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output…

…recent studies challenge these notions. Pathological Q waves may resolve in up to 30% of patients with inferior infarction. The amplitude of Q waves may…

…patients with total and proximal occlusions may present without ST segment elevations (which they should exhibit) due to rich collateral circulation in the ischemic area…

…pediatric patients. Sinus rhythm is defined by the following criteria: Regular rhythm with a ventricular rate within the age specific normal interval. P wave with…

…free wall rupture after infarction Anticoagulant associated bleeding Renal failure Systemic inflammatory disease Catheter based electrophysiological and structural cardiac procedures In patients with acute pericarditis…

…Patients with ARVC display frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVC), which may advance to monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). Ventricular tachycardia in ARVC has LBBB morphology, with…

…of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Although there are no evidence based treatments for inappropriate sinus tachycardia, patients frequently benefit from obtaining a diagnosis, because it justifies…

…syndromes (NSTE ACS). The division into STE ACS and NSTE ACS has profound implications for management and treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover…

…evidence for shortened regimens derives from selected populations, frequently with low or intermediate ischemic risk and under representation of patients with STEMI or other very…