…Whether hypertension is genuinely present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated…

…patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders. The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This…

…usually related to plaque rupture or erosion Type 2 MI caused by oxygen supply–demand imbalance unrelated to acute atherothrombosis Type 3 Cardiac death with…

…premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore…

…their treatment may require immediate stenting or other procedural intervention. The clinical importance of the finding is related to the extent of myocardium at risk…

…5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest…

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

…with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males, or binge drinking in either sex. Other…

…source material include cardiac memory after abnormal ventricular activation, transient rate related conduction abnormalities, pacing related repolarization changes, and inadequate coronary flow relative to myocardial…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…atherogenic dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and atrial…

…in coronary blood flow caused by thrombotic occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere…

…body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material or a securement device, transparent dressing. Monitoring throughout…

…organic material that swells, batteries and magnets. Preparation and equipment A chair with a head rest, preferably an ENT chair; raise the chair to your…

…source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination or general evaluation of patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiographic assessment is fundamental to the…

…the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high blood…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…Haemodynamic and electrical status Haemodynamic instability, cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure related to ongoing ischaemia, life threatening arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest after presentation are markers…

…referring to uncontrolled blood pressure despite five or more medications, are not included in the European guideline definition. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material…

…length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts…

…other arrhythmias Ischaemic stroke PAD CKD with associated cardiovascular complications Symptoms are determined by the cardiovascular manifestation rather than by diabetes alone. The source material…

…and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and…

…compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue…

…of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six…

…atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk settings described in the source material. The statin should be prescribed at the highest tolerated dose…

…radiation may reflect the segment of aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent…

…ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period…

…Other microorganisms, generally, cause subacute endocarditis. Endocarditis can affect native (own) valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection…

…other sound waves affect the transducer. The crystals are supported by a backing layer that suppresses the vibrations of the crystals, allowing sound waves to…

…order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic…

…Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the…

…reported in patients taking ticagrelor. This is related to ticagrelor inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor on healthy donor platelets in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor…

…dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so…

…NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes , including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate…

…have been debated intensely in the past decade. A quick search (on Google) for anything related to statins, LDL cholesterol and dietary fat returns thousands…

…sufficient Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually…

…and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator…

…the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis…

…barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder…

…other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to…

…ECG has low sensitivity with respect to detecting biventricular hypertrophy. This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out…

…medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…As evident in Figure 1, 15 O water is the only tracer with myocardial uptake linearly related to coronary blood flow. 15 O Water is…

…Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular …

…and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal…

…rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Check every 6 months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…the test must therefore never be performed without atropine, ECG monitoring and access to airway support. Indications Clinically suspected myasthenia gravis in a patient with…

…bacteriuria. The exceptions are pregnancy and the period before a urological procedure. A positive urine dipstick in an older patient is difficult to interpret. Skin…