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Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…Whether hypertension is genuinely present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders. The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…usually related to plaque rupture or erosion Type 2 MI caused by oxygen supply–demand imbalance unrelated to acute atherothrombosis Type 3 Cardiac death with…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…their treatment may require immediate stenting or other procedural intervention. The clinical importance of the finding is related to the extent of myocardium at risk…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics…

Antiplatelet Therapy in Secondary Prevention After Myocardial Infarction

…with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation…

De-escalation and Shortened Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients at High Bleeding Risk

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at least 15 drinks weekly in males, or binge drinking in either sex. Other…

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