…The increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, the rapid economic development and ageing of most populations is driving the rapid increase in the global…

…Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The number and severity of obesity related complications generally increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless…

…failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and…

…failure is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and…

…obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the…

…diabetes and obesity become increasingly prevalent after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death…

…heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover…

…older maternal age at first childbirth and the rising prevalence of obesity. Gestational hypertension is defined in the supplied guideline material as blood pressure 140…

…in cohort studies. Obesity, reduced exercise capacity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia commonly coexist and should be considered part of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype. Weight reduction and…

…al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials. Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes The global burden of obesity is increasingly defined by its cardiovascular consequences. In…

…= abdominal obesity Waist–height ratio Waist / height 0.5 = increased risk, irrespective of sex Mid upper arm circumference Midpoint of the upper arm…

…the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O according to tolerance and pCO₂ SpO₂ 88–92% Obesity…

…movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning…

…10 mm in the chest leads Pericardial effusion, obesity, emphysema, amyloidosis ST elevation criteria in suspected infarction New ST elevation at the J point in…

…example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a stiff chest wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing. A mouth…

…Cholesterol Non HDL C is calculated as: Non HDL C = total cholesterol − HDL C It represents the cholesterol contained in all apoB containing lipoproteins…

…obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias, thyroid disease, iron deficiency and anaemia, kidney dysfunction, sleep disordered breathing, cancer related disease and cardiac amyloidosis among the…

…established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and…

…while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker…

…failure is particularly common among people with diabetes, hypertension, overweight/obesity, and the elderly ( Pieske et al ). Figure 1. Myocardial motion during (A) systole and…

…the sternum — the needle may perforate into the mediastinum. The anterior superior iliac spine is a second line alternative in marked obesity or when the…

…bstruction/Obesity Stridor, pharyngeal swelling, obesity N eck mobility Reduced neck mobility, a cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive…

…300 mmHg) Moderate 13.3–26.6 kPa (100–200 mmHg) Severe ≤ 13.3 kPa (≤ 100 mmHg) See the intensive care parameters for ventilator settings…

…all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect, not according to total body weight Concomitant benzodiazepine A markedly increased risk of respiratory depression. Avoid the combination…

…obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease, marked chest wall deformity, severe bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Here a lower target range and controlled delivery apply — not the…

…red meat. The principal evidence supported patterns are Mediterranean type and DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes…

…and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is increasingly recognised as a…

…than a single pathophysiologic entity. Hypertension and diabetes contribute to its development, and obesity is increasingly recognized as an important contributor. Older age, female sex…

…reflecting both reduced clearance and the high prevalence of structural heart disease in this population. Obesity is associated with lower than expected BNP and NT…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing…

…abdominal obesity, and diabetes. Behavioural factors also make a substantial contribution to all cause mortality, while low educational attainment contributes materially to overall risk. The…

…factors for the 5 serious etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or…

…systemic comorbidities (obesity, hypertension, diabetes) induce a chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the upregulation of…

…increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent population…

…obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity. The increased use of computed tomography (CT), and improvements in CT techniques, have increased the detection of pulmonary…