…kg/m2 has been termed super morbid obesity. BMI categories are summarized below. Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk Underweight <18.5 …

…heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements…

…Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias…

…the main drivers of heart failure). It is believed that the aging population, and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart…

…the main drivers of heart failure). It is believed that the aging population, and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart…

…hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and increasing age are common risk factors for CKD and CVD. Hypertension and renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD…

…Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA and 2021/2023 ESC guidelines as HF with a…

…of the thyroid cartilage M allampati Class III–IV indicates increased risk O bstruction/Obesity Stridor, pharyngeal swelling, obesity N eck mobility Reduced neck mobility…

…and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of conventional factors, and whether they improve risk classification, remains incompletely established…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…Chinese and Japanese origin, lower thresholds apply: overweight from a BMI of 23 and obesity from 27.5, because cardiometabolic risk appears at a lower…

…metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia…

…steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve…

…use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked obesity or spinal disease that makes positioning impossible. Severe angina…

…Left atrial enlargement Low voltage QRS < 5 mm in the limb leads or < 10 mm in the chest leads Pericardial effusion, obesity, emphysema…

…pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a stiff chest wall. Glottic or subglottic obstruction — the mask sits above the obstruction and solves nothing…

…estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes…

…populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity. Abdominal obesity is a major driving force. Visceral adipose tissue is metabolically active and produces proinflammatory mediators…

…combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with…

…HFREF ). Diastolic heart failure is particularly common among people with diabetes, hypertension, overweight/obesity, and the elderly ( Pieske et al ). Figure 1. Myocardial motion during…

…into the mediastinum. The anterior superior iliac spine is a second line alternative in marked obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous…

…96 % in most patients, and 88–92 % where there is a risk of carbon dioxide retention (COPD, obesity hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease). Both hypoxia and liberal…

…half the adult dose and lengthen the interval Liver failure A reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect…

…absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease, marked chest wall deformity…

…Consequently, obesity is only one pathway through which diet affects cardiovascular health; dietary changes can improve cardiometabolic risk factors within 6–8 weeks even without…

…in this population. Obesity is associated with lower than expected BNP and NT proBNP concentrations despite comparable or greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of…

…particularly in patients with: Diabetes or other cardiometabolic risk factors Obesity Insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome Elevated triglycerides Low or apparently well controlled LDL C…

…high non HDL cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, abdominal obesity, and diabetes. Behavioural factors also make a substantial contribution to all cause mortality, while low educational attainment…

…dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer…

…systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD…

…weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle…

…ageing population, increased incidence and prevalence of cancer, heart failure, obesity, type 2 diabetes and physical inactivity. The increased use of computed tomography (CT), and…