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Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…kg/m2 has been termed super morbid obesity. BMI categories are summarized below. Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk Underweight <18.5 …

Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management

…heart failure, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover…

Endotracheal intubation

…of the thyroid cartilage M allampati Class III–IV indicates increased risk O bstruction/Obesity Stridor, pharyngeal swelling, obesity N eck mobility Reduced neck mobility…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…and assisted reproductive technology The extent to which these conditions confer risk independently of conventional factors, and whether they improve risk classification, remains incompletely established…

Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Four-Pillar Therapy

…Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias…

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor

…hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and increasing age are common risk factors for CKD and CVD. Hypertension and renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD…

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs…

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Treatment

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements…

Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Pregnancy Disorders as Future Cardiovascular Risk

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and clinical classification Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy comprise chronic or pre existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately…

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

…Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) is specifically classified by the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA and 2021/2023 ESC guidelines as HF with a…

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