…novel classification has been proposed: Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO…

…the relative advantage of apoB over non HDL C or standard lipid testing remains unsettled. In a large population study, LDL C, non HDL C…

…as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or…

…trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]…

…CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA)…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…Non specific ST depressions, T wave inversions (negative T waves) do not affect the management of cardiac arrest. Recurrent VT or VF after ROSC in…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a…

…Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic…

…sex, and race to provide an eGFR value normalized to a standard body surface area of 1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility…

…timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent sepsis and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management in…

…yr) · FAME 3 Non hyperemic ratios (iFR / RFR / Pd Pa / dPR) Resting Pd/Pa during the diastolic “wave free period” (iFR) or the lowest ratio…

…non traumatic cardiac arrest (i.e. standard CPR, as per guidelines). Contusio cordis Contusio cordis refers to a contusion of the myocardium, greater vessels or…

…or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult…

…directionality. While the technique requires meticulous attention to imaging standards, its non invasive nature and reproducibility make it indispensable in congenital and critical care cardiology…

…prevention Standard role Aspirin remains the traditional antiplatelet agent for long term secondary prevention in patients with established coronary disease, including those with or without…

…major or life threatening bleeding. The clinical presentation, whether ACS or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether and how PCI was performed. The need for non…

…prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or a single lead ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds…

…arrest within 8 minutes. Cardiac arrest as a result of asphyxia or hypoxia is managed according to the standard CPR algorithm, except that interventions to…

…rhythms or low blood pressure. Additionally, individual variations in arterial compliance and pulse pressure can affect the accuracy of MAP estimations derived from standard formulas…

…A standard cuff measuring approximately 12–13 cm in width and 35 cm in length is suitable for most patients. Larger or smaller cuffs should…

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

…non invasive and invasive rewarming techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or…

…Hypotension or shock Acute severe aortic regurgitation with heart failure Cardiac tamponade from haemopericardium Myocardial ischaemia from coronary ostial compromise Focal neurological deficits or non…

…in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation…

…mantra time is myocardium, which refers to the progressive loss of myocytes following the occlusion of a coronary artery. The size, location, and duration of…

…of both CPAP and bilevel ventilation, or alternatively flow generated CPAP with a PEEP valve. Masks in several sizes. An oronasal mask is first choice…

…is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70% may or may not produce ischaemia. Conversely, some lesions…

…obstructive atherosclerotic CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and…

…heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or mechanical complications. Risk assessment is intended to identify patients most likely to benefit from early coronary angiography and revascularization, while…

…a non contrast, electrocardiographically gated computed tomography (CT) scan. Image acquisition generally requires a single breath hold and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or…

…examination protocol or characteristic examination findings. Diagnostics and laboratory findings Lipid assessment Triglyceride concentrations should be interpreted in conjunction with LDL C, non HDL C…

…the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress. Delirium is an…

…rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver…

…angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…to classify 10 year risk as follows: Risk category 10 year risk of fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10% High …

…Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock. In NSTE ACS…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch…

…Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE…

…troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…a drug, insect venom or another non food allergen 2. Acute airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise after exposure to a known or probable allergen , even…

…Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in…

…as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb…

…home or on 24 hour recording. Masked hypertension: normal in the office but raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non…

…up, always with the light checked. Tubes in three sizes, a stylet or bougie taken out and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff…

…aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or a…

…Mark the puncture site, clean in wide circles and apply the drape. 4. Anaesthetise the skin and the needle track. Wait a minute or so…

…uncontrolled source of bleeding. Minimise the time to surgery, endoscopy, an obstetric procedure or angiographic intervention. Summon anaesthesia, the operating specialty, the blood bank and…

…or functional outcome; more arrhythmias with haemodynamic compromise in the hypothermia group HYPERION (2019) 33 °C for 24 hours versus 37 °C, with a non…