…patients with a high probability, testing may add little diagnostic value and invasive coronary angiography may be more appropriate when symptoms, risk or anatomical considerations…

…therefore potentially suitable for a selective invasive approach? Is the clinical likelihood of true NSTE ACS low enough that non invasive evaluation is more appropriate…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance…

…symptoms, findings from non invasive testing and the anticipated effect of the result on management. ICA with available coronary pressure assessment is recommended in patients…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque. It is performed using a non contrast…

…diagnosis depends on functional assessment. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is characterized invasively by reduced CFR and increased microvascular resistance, measured by the index of microcirculatory…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by fractional flow reserve (FFR), have been validated against outcomes…

…metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia…

…reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis…

…ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography provides a non invasive, accessible method to calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention…

…patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements of GFR. Limitations…

…exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for…

…attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has identified the relevant…

…and interpreting MAP. Non invasive methods, such as oscillometric blood pressure devices, may provide less accurate MAP readings compared to invasive arterial catheterization, particularly in…

…trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is a hypertensive…

…The likelihood that symptoms are attributable to the CTO is increased when non invasive testing demonstrates significant inducible ischaemia and preserved viability in the myocardial…

…oxygenation (ECMO). In the absence of ECMO, both non invasive and invasive rewarming techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen…

…International Society for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is stated that it is extremely uncommon to have a non ischemic ECG (absence of…

…including apparently healthy individuals. Exercise stress testing in the age of non invasive cardiovascular imaging Advances in computerized tomography (CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI…

…familiar to every electrophysiologist, is that LVEF is both insensitive and non specific for SCD. Most people who die suddenly never had an ejection fraction…

…has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety and invasive procedures. Symptomatic disease Symptoms of carotid disease include…

…Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…Haemodynamic definition At rest, PH is defined invasively by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) greater than 20 mmHg. The haemodynamic phenotype is then determined…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA General principles Duplex ultrasound is the preferred screening modality because it is noninvasive, avoids ionizing radiation and…

…typically platelet rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) rather than STEMI [4] . Calcified Nodules: A less common…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus…

…and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has…

…coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B. Causes and secondary contributors A search for secondary contributors…

…work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or…

…including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…ECG and haemodynamics. Do not wait for troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another non food allergen 2. Acute airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

…Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular…

…The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus…