…patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements of GFR. Limitations…

…for the device available on the unit. Preparation and equipment A device capable of both CPAP and bilevel ventilation, or alternatively flow generated CPAP with…

…A quantitative CAC score from dedicated testing, or a qualitative assessment of CAC on a non gated chest CT, can modify the estimated likelihood of…

…and benefit. An early invasive strategy is not recommended when the risks of revascularization outweigh its expected benefits. Haemodynamic and electrical status Haemodynamic instability, cardiogenic…

…ratio of maximum hyperaemic coronary flow to resting coronary flow. It can be assessed invasively or with myocardial perfusion imaging using PET, SPECT or CMR…

…findings from non invasive testing and the anticipated effect of the result on management. ICA with available coronary pressure assessment is recommended in patients with…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque. It is performed using a non contrast…

…Consequently, diagnosis depends on functional assessment. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is characterized invasively by reduced CFR and increased microvascular resistance, measured by the index of…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by…

…Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of…

…reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis…

…imaging standards, its non invasive nature and reproducibility make it indispensable in congenital and critical care cardiology. Regular echocardiographic assessment ensures timely intervention, improving outcomes…

…exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for…

…symptoms may persist despite non obstructive coronary anatomy. Such patients require a mechanism based assessment rather than reassurance based solely on the absence of obstructive…

…using non invasive blood pressure methods. Limitations in measuring and interpreting MAP Despite its clinical utility, there are limitations in measuring and interpreting MAP. Non…

…trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is a hypertensive…

…dedicated physical examination algorithm. Diagnostics Non invasive assessment of ischaemia and viability Objective evidence of ischaemia is important before elective CTO PCI. Demonstration of both…

…bedside. Heating is optimally achieved using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In the absence of ECMO, both non invasive and invasive rewarming techniques should be pursued…

…International Society for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is stated that it is extremely uncommon to have a non ischemic ECG (absence of…

…including apparently healthy individuals. Exercise stress testing in the age of non invasive cardiovascular imaging Advances in computerized tomography (CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI…

…most intractable challenges in clinical cardiology. Hundreds of thousands of arrhythmic deaths occur annually in the United States alone, yet no reliable model currently exists…

…the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or major non cardiac surgery…

…Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…PH is defined invasively by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) greater than 20 mmHg. The haemodynamic phenotype is then determined using pulmonary arterial wedge…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…et al. (2017): Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation. A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society…

…assessment for a pulsatile abdominal mass and associated manifestations. Screening for AAA General principles Duplex ultrasound is the preferred screening modality because it is noninvasive…

…typically platelet rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) rather than STEMI [4] . Calcified Nodules: A less common…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Non ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE ACS): Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina (UA) The focus…

…is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment assessment. In most studies…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has…

…coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…examination findings. Diagnostics and laboratory findings Lipid assessment Triglyceride concentrations should be interpreted in conjunction with LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein B, particula

…work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress…

…They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in…

…history of asthma, rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or…

…including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…Smoking status Systolic BP Cholesterol values Risk estimation uses the appropriate sex specific and smoking specific table or calculator. The relevant BP and non high…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional…

…natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI) and STE ACS (STEMI) is slightly simplified. In reality…

…ECG and haemodynamics. Do not wait for troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with…

…analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic…

…states when the patient fell asleep and got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment…

…circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another non food allergen 2. Acute airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise…

…rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can…

…with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value; an independent risk marker…

…Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular…

…bag mask ventilation or failed intubation — and already at the planning stage when the MACOCHA score or the LEMON assessment indicates that difficulties are likely…