…two primary circumstances: Due to a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure…

…in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…e. 10 15% of cases). Clinically, patients present with severe chest pain, diaphoresis, hypotension, pulmonary edema, malignant arrhythmias, and rapid progression to cardiogenic shock. Ventricular…

…controllable depth of freeze). A size 15 scalpel or a pumice stone to pare down hyperkeratotic lesions. A cone or an otoscope speculum as a…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan…

…severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and…

…and should influence the urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart failure presumed to result from ongoing myocardial ischaemia…

…be employed as an interventional alternative to suppress the arrhythmia [4]. Relief of Triggers Addressing the underlying precipitating factors is a critical component of acute…

…endocardium. As the fibrofatty replacement progresses, the ventricular wall becomes thinner and the ventricle begins to dilate. Approximately 50% of cases exhibit biventricular cardiomyopathy, although…

…Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or…

…impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced stroke volume, diminished cardiac output, falling arterial pressure, and, if untreated, death. The volume required to produce…

…but account for a substantial proportion of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Clinically, they may be categorized according to whether they are: Not associated…

…However, intravascular ultrasound has shown that delayed opening of the bridged segment may extend into diastole, so the physiological effect is not limited to systole…

…by a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It has been suggested that the high risk of ventricular arrhythmias is due to the vulnerability caused…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…despite obvious clinical presentation. It should be noted that the ECG features of Brugada syndrome are fairly specific to the disorder, provided that the clinical…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…case of bullous dermatosis misses the subepidermal split. Choose the technique according to the diagnostic question, not according to what is quickest. Indications Suspected malignancy…

…0 suggests fibrosis Elastography kPa 15 kPa suggests advanced fibrosis Work up of unexplained raised liver tests Repeat the tests first — a transient rise is…

…known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date…

…lacks abdominal pain and peritonism and instead presents as encephalopathy, renal failure or simply deterioration. The procedure itself is straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid…

…no liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the…

…cent. An sPESI of 0 indicates low risk. Anticoagulation A DOAC is the first choice in pulmonary embolism without malignancy and without antiphospholipid syndrome. The…

…function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary prevention 8…

…to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of…

…of the cavity and its distance to vessels. Contraindications and when to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in primary…

…or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a…

…neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to…

…to last longer than 7 days, or shorter neutropenia with clinical risk factors International guidelines generally use a single temperature of 38.3 degrees as…

…primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) / Myocardial Ischemia Pain Characteristics: Typically presents as…