…such as MDMA (ecstasy) or amphetamines. In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of…

…cohort. A 5 year risk threshold of 5% or higher, determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…cohort. A 5 year risk threshold of 5% or higher, determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded…

…malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with…

…of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not…

…levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy…

…of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion. Suspected malignancy, tuberculous pleurisy or…

…without clinical evidence of acute, ongoing target organ damage. Although BP reduction is required, these patients generally do not need hospital admission or intravenous treatment…

…not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial myocardial ischaemia, dynamic ECG abnormalities, myocardial necrosis, haemodynamic deterioration, heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or…

…such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT prolonging medications, and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome…

…loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. This process begins in the epicardium and gradually moves towards the endocardium. As…

…80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are malignant. • Secondary cardiac tumours have spread to the heart by metastasis or invasion…

…clinical triad consists of: Hypotension Jugular venous distension Muffled or absent heart sounds The triad suggests severe tamponade, but its absence does not exclude the…

…as stenosis of at least 70%, while a left main coronary stenosis of at least 50% is considered significant. These thresholds describe luminal narrowing, not…

…or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends on the bridge’s thickness, length, depth, and location, as…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

…syndrome (BrS) has evolved from an obscure electrocardiographic curiosity into a major focus of contemporary cardiac electrophysiology [1] . Recognized as a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome…

…disorder may manifest with any of the following symptoms: Syncope, pre syncope Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular fibrillation Cardiac arrest with or without sudden cardiac death Hence…

…QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds) indicates the ventricles are not depolarized normally. The vast majority of WCTs originate from impulses generated in the ventricles (ventricular…

…case of bullous dermatosis misses the subepidermal split. Choose the technique according to the diagnostic question, not according to what is quickest. Indications Suspected malignancy…

…pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of…

…neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of…

…malignancy, tuberculous peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as…

…distance from the skin is shortest, and where no liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment…

…signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1.5 Immobilisation ≥ 3 days or surgery…

…and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary prevention 8 Contact…

…careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial…

…must not be handled routinely in primary care or in the emergency department without contacting the appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle of the…

…next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection, or certain…

…foot pulses are not an acceptable substitute, and in patients with diabetes or renal failure the index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis…

…days, or shorter neutropenia with clinical risk factors International guidelines generally use a single temperature of 38.3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some…

…primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) / Myocardial Ischemia Pain Characteristics: Typically presents as…