…experienced practitioner in selected cases, but surgery is the standard. Dark skin: a risk of permanent hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower…

…out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible; a superficial punch in a case of bullous dermatosis misses…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

…which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in…

…malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with…

…levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy…

…recurrent malignant effusion (often combined with pleurodesis), and in chest trauma and postoperatively. Emergency needle decompression: a clinical suspicion of tension pneumothorax in a haemodynamically…

…vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina…

…haemodynamic deterioration, heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or mechanical complications. Risk assessment is intended to identify patients most likely to benefit from early coronary angiography and…

…The management of TdP and related malignant ventricular arrhythmias requires a structured approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of triggers, and reduction of sympathetic drive…

…al). ARVC is more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC…

…constitute a minority of cardiac tumors, occur in the heart tissue. Approximately 80% of all primary tumors are benign, and the remaining ones are malignant…

…Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma…

…absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in…

…left coronary artery is less common but more malignant than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery…

…presumably explained by a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It has been suggested that the high risk of ventricular arrhythmias is due to the…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…syndrome – appeared to be hereditary, since many patients reported a family history of the same symptoms and events. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature was the…

…tachyarrhythmia. Except for sinus tachycardia during physical activity, all tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia…

…or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no…

…the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before…

…at least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with no bowel in the path of the needle and measure the skin to peritoneum distance…

…apically, and choose the site where the rim of fluid is widest and lies most superficially, where the distance from the skin is shortest, and…

…cent. An sPESI of 0 indicates low risk. Anticoagulation A DOAC is the first choice in pulmonary embolism without malignancy and without antiphospholipid syndrome. The…

…the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis, gastritis, a Mallory Weiss tear, a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an…

…underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place, an echocardiographic examination is done…

…acidic environment inactivates the anaesthetic. Place a field block in healthy skin around the abscess instead of injecting into it, and expect the procedure to…

…on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour…

…Variable, often deep Pain Moderate, relieved by elevation Severe, worse on elevation, better when dependent Often painless (neuropathy) Surrounding skin Hyperpigmentation, oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, eczema Pale…

…immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition Criterion Practical definition : : Fever A single temperature of at least 38.3 degrees, or at least 38.0…

…Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes…