…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible; a superficial punch in a case of bullous dermatosis misses…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

…which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is defined as significantly elevated blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥120 mmHg) with concurrent signs of…

…which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in…

…malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with…

…levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy…

…shows the most fluid, usually in the scapular line one to two intercostal spaces below the upper border of the fluid, but never below the…

…inhibitor crisis, cocaine intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, particularly clonidine, can also precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Pregnancy Hypertensive…

…haemodynamic deterioration, heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or mechanical complications. Risk assessment is intended to identify patients most likely to benefit from early coronary angiography and…

…of "torsadegenic" or "QT liability" drugs. This includes Class III antiarrhythmic agents such as quinidine, sotalol, and dofetilide, as well as numerous noncardiac medications including…

…al). ARVC is more malignant in men, the reason for which remains elusive. Gene mutations can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC…

…in the left atrium (most of them originate from the atrial septum). In 15 20% of cases, the tumor is localized in the right atrium…

…It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood, or, less commonly, a mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure…

…exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High…

…left coronary artery is less common but more malignant than an anomalous right coronary artery. Anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the pulmonary artery…

…presumably explained by a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It has been suggested that the high risk of ventricular arrhythmias is due to the…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…in the absence of right bundle branch block); virtually all patients display this. The epsilon wave, which is much less common (one third of patients)…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The R value = (ALT / upper limit of normal) / (ALP / upper limit of normal). An R 5 indicates hepatocellular…

…Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid, tau, phospho tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic…

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG, electrical alternans Supportive; it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right…

…malignancy, infection, surgery, trauma and old age. A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain…

…the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis, gastritis, a Mallory Weiss tear, a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an…

…underlying cause is often serious (e. g. malignancy, amyloidosis). In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, in the first place, an echocardiographic examination is done…

…appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle of the face (nasal root, alae nasi, upper lip) Venous drainage towards the cavernous sinus Surgeon or ENT…

…on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour…

…and in patients with diabetes or renal failure the index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement…

…occurs 7 to 14 days after a course of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy…

…Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes…