…temperature at the outer edge of the tissue is decisive: benign tissue requires about −25 °C for reliable cell death, malignant tissue about −50 °C…

…genes encoding potassium and calcium channels of the outer cell membrane. Clinical presentation of Brugada syndrome Most patients are asymptomatic until the age of 20…

…The desmosome is a component of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner…

…according to the diagnostic question, not according to what is quickest. Indications Suspected malignancy: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma. An unclear inflammatory dermatosis…

…a course of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy…

…With ultrasound guidance, the point at which the fluid lies most superficially is chosen and the needle is followed all the way in, which has…

…diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis), constrictive pericarditis…

…a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal…

…Acute obstruction can lead to rapid hemodynamic deterioration, cardiogenic shock, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning…

…levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy…

…of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion. Suspected malignancy, tuberculous pleurisy or…

…or, less commonly, a mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and…

…heart failure, malignant arrhythmias, or mechanical complications. Risk assessment is intended to identify patients most likely to benefit from early coronary angiography and revascularization, while…

…endocarditis) and thrombi. Only a minority of all ecotaceous masses are tumors. Most of all cardiac tumors are secondary, and the primary cardiac tumors, generally…

…exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered more malignant than anomalous origin of the right coronary artery. High…

…The intramyocardial segment is termed the tunnelled artery. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) is most commonly involved. The reported prevalence depends substantially on the…

…or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the…

…of the T wave. Prolonged QT duration predisposes to life threatening ventricular arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be…

…dominant channelopathy with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The first and most critical genetic locus identified was SCN5A , the gene encoding the alpha subunit of…

…task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant, which is why expeditious management is warranted…

…the right place. In suspected bacterial meningitis it is the time to antibiotics that saves the patient — the puncture must never delay it. Indications Suspected…

…pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of…

…Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1.5 Immobilisation ≥ 3 days…

…dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that…

…formed. Ultrasound settles the question when the clinical picture is unclear. Cellulitis without a pus cavity must not be incised — there, antibiotics are the treatment…

…through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar…

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

…Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes…

…1]. Acute Management and Treatment Alternatives The management of TdP and related malignant ventricular arrhythmias requires a structured approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of…

…in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites —…

…5. Biopsy any ulcer that has not healed within three months despite adequate treatment — malignancy (Marjolin's ulcer, basal cell carcinoma) and vasculitis do occur…